Ngasiphi engamamitha iziphuphutheki flying, orbit ukubala, isivinini nendlela yekuhambisa sandla

Njengoba nje izihlalo yaseshashalazini avumele ukubukeka at umfanekiso omise ezihlukahlukene kumasathalayithi ukunikeza umbono, ngamunye ephethe injongo yayo. Abanye kubonakala sengathi ulenga phezu iphuzu phezu, zinikeza umbono njalo kolunye uhlangothi Zomhlaba, kuyilapho ezinye ujikeleza uzungeze iplanethi yethu, usuku olulodwa shanela phezu izindawo eziningi.

izinhlobo omise

Ngasiphi engamamitha flying iziphuphutheki? Kukhona 3 izinhlobo emhlabeni omise: phakeme, futhi ongaphakeme. Ngezinye ezikude eliphezulu ebusweni ngokuvamile eziningi sezulu kanye ezinye iziphuphutheki zokuxhumana. Satellites azungeza naphakathi emhlabeni orbit zihlanganisa navigation futhi ekhethekile yenzelwe ukuqapha endaweni ethile. Iningi yesayensi mkhathi, kuhlanganise uhlelo lokuqapha ukuze imikhumbi ebusweni NASA Earth, uku-orbit ongaphakeme.

Matter ezindizayo okusezingeni eliphezulu kanjani iziphuphutheki incike ijubane lokuya yabo. Njengoba uya yesisindo Umhlaba buyaqina, futhi ngokushesha ukunyakaza. Ngokwesibonelo, i-NASA Aqua satellite kuthatha imizuzu 99 ukundiza emhlabeni cishe 705 km, kanye unit Meteorological, endaweni ekude 35786 km ebusweni, uma kudinga amahora 23, imizuzu 56 no-4 imizuzwana. At ibanga 384.403 km maphakathi Earth Moon uqeda eyodwa revolution sezinsuku ezingu-28.

indida sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza

satellite engamamitha ushintsho futhi lishintsha kuyo ngesivinini orbit. Lapha kukhona indida. Uma opharetha satellite ufuna ukwandisa isivinini yakhe, akakwazi nje ugijime izinjini for ukusheshisa. Lokhu kuzokhulisa orbit (nobude), okuyoholela ukwehla isivinini. Kunalokho, kufanele ugijime injini kolunye uhlangothi motion we-satellite, isb. E. Ukuze ukwenza isenzo ngabe kancane ezihambayo imoto Emhlabeni. Lezo izoya ngezansi ezokwenza ukwandisa isivinini.

Izici omise

Ngaphezu ukuphakama, indlela motion we satellite libhekene eyinqaba futhi kuthambekela. Eyokuqala iphathelene ukuma emzileni. Isethelayithi ongaphakeme eyinqaba uhamba kanye trajectory eduze isiyingi. I-orbit ome njengeqanda kuyinto okweqanda. Ibanga kusuka mkhathi Emhlabeni incike isikhundla salo.

Ukuthambekela - engela orbit maqondana yenkabazwe. I-satellite, okuyinto ijikeleziswa ngqo phezu yenkabazwe, has a zero emthambekeni. Uma mkhathi kudlule enyakatho nezingongolo eningizimu (ezindawo kazibuthe hhayi), ukuthambekela salo 90 °.

Zonke ndawonye - ukuphakama, eyinqaba nokuthambekela - ukucacisa motion satellite kanti Ungathi ngombono wakhe izobukeka umhlaba.

ephezulu Umhlaba

Lapho satellite ifinyelela ncamashi 42164 km kusuka isikhungo yomhlaba (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 36. Km kusukela ebusweni), lingena zone lapho ihlangabezana orbit ukujikeleza iplanethi. Njengoba uhamba umshini ngezinga elifanayo njengoba uMhlaba, okungukuthi. Inkathi E. zayo ayenawo ngema-awa lange-24, kubonakala sengathi uhlala endaweni ku-longitude kuphela, nakuba kungase drift ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Lokhu orbit okusezingeni eliphezulu ekhethekile libizwa geosynchronous.

Uhamba satellite uzungeza emzileni isiyingi ngqo ngenhla yenkabazwe (the eyinqaba nokuthambekela ngokufaka uziro), isihlobo uMhlaba sisesenjalo. Yena njalo etholakala ngenhla iphuzu elifanayo phezulu.

orbit Geostationary eyigugu kakhulu ukuqapha isimo sezulu, njengoba iziphuphutheki kwalo ukunikeza umbono okuqhubekayo okufanayo surface area. Njalo imizuzu embalwa, izinsiza Meteorological, ezifana GOES, ukuhlinzeka ulwazi mayelana amafu, umhwamuko langomoya, ezikhiqizwa njalo ulwazi ngesisekelo sokuqapha kanye ukubikezela isimo sezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GEO amadivayisi angase abe usizo zokuxhumana (wefoni, kuyithelevishini, emsakazweni). UYA iziphuphutheki ukunikeza umsebenzi search futhi wokutakula beacon, wasebenzisa ziyolekelela yokusesha Imikhumbi izindiza ekucindezelekeni.

Ekugcineni, abaningi vysokoorbitalnyh Umhlaba iziphuphutheki ukuqapha umsebenzi elanga futhi ukuqapha amazinga kazibuthe nemisebe eyingozi.

Ukubala of ukuphakama orbit geostationary

I-satellite usebenza centripetal amandla F _p = (M v ₁ ²⁾ / R kanye adonsela phansi amandla F _t = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / R ^2. Njengoba la mabutho bayalingana, kungenzeka ukuba athi ezinhlangothini kwesokudla futhi usike wabayisa ₁ M mass. Umphumela ezothando v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. Yingakho Isivinini v = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Kusukela orbit geostationary kuyinto obuphelele umbuthano 2πr Isivinini esemkhathini kuyinto v = 2πR / T.

Ngakho, i-R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Njengoba T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 Nm ² / kg ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ kg ke R = 4,23x10 ⁷ m nekususa kusukela R. Umhlaba engaba, alinganayo 6,38x10 ⁶ m, kungenzeka ukwazi iziphuphutheki engamamitha lindiza elenga eyodwa iphuzu indawo - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

Lagrange iphuzu

Okunye omise Mikhulu Lagrange iphuzu, lapho amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni incephezeliswa adonsela phansi kwelanga. Zonke ukuthi kukhona, ngokulinganayo bakhangwa lezi zindikimba zasemkhathini futhi ujikeleza kanye iplanethi yethu emhlabeni inkanyezi.

Amaphuzu amahlanu Lagrangian ohlelweni Sun-Earth, kuphela ezimbili zokugcina, ebizwa ngokuthi L5 futhi L4, izinze. Ngo lonke satellite kufana ibhola ukulinganisela ku phezulu egqumeni emaweni: iyiphi perturbation okuncane lizokhuphuka ke. Ukuze sihlale sikuleso olinganiselayo, mkhathi edinga ukulungiswa njalo. Kule minyaka emibili amaphuzu Lagrange iziphuphutheki ufaniswa ibhola ibhola: ngisho nangemva ukuphazamiseka eqinile, bazobuya ukthola.

L1 itholakala phakathi Zomhlaba kanye Sun, ivumela iziphuphutheki okuyizinto ke, ukuze abe Uhlolojikelele njalo inkanyezi yethu. I ABU sokubuka emkhathini, NASA satellite,-European Space Agency ukulandelela ilanga kusukela Lagrange iphuzu lokuqala abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 amakhilomitha ukusuka eMhlabeni.

L2 sise elifanayo ukusuka eMhlabeni, kodwa kuyinto ngemva kwakhe. Satellites kule ndawo kudinga eyodwa kuphela ukushisa isihlangu ukuvikela kusuka elangeni ukukhanya nokushisa. Lena yindawo enhle isikhala izibonakude, sasitadisha ubunjalo Universe ngokusebenzisa kugcinwa emisebeni microwave ngemuva.

Iphuzu lesithathu Lagrangian elise phambi Umhlaba ngakolunye uhlangothi ilanga, ukuze ukukhanya njalo phakathi kwakhe iplanethi yethu. I-satellite lesi sikhundla ngeke bakwazi ukuxhumana Earth.

ezinzile kakhulu lesine nelesihlanu Lagrange iphuzu e endleleni esemkhathini planethi e 60 ° phambili nangemuva Earth.

Okulingene umhlaba uzungeza emzileni

Ukuba eduze Omhlaba, iziphuphutheki ngokurhabako. Zimbili medium Umhlaba komzila wokuzungeza: semi zokuvumelanisa, futhi "Umbani."

Ngasiphi engamamitha flying iziphuphutheki endaweni orbit semi zokuvumelanisa? Kuyinto ocishe ube isiyingi (eyinqaba ongaphakeme) futhi wasuswa ukuze ibanga 26560 km kusuka isikhungo yomhlaba (mayelana 20200 km ngaphezu kwamanzi). Isethelayithi ngalesi engamamitha kwenza Ukujikeleza ephelele njalo ngemuva kwamahora angu-12. Okungenani ukunyakaza kwakhe Umhlaba uzungeza ngaphansi. Ukuze 24 h futhi ephambana amaphuzu ezimbili ezifanayo ku yenkabazwe. Ukulokho engaguquguquki futhi engaqaguleka kakhulu. Uhlelo lusebenzisa global positioning GPS.

Orbit "Umbani" (ukuthambekela 63,4 °) isetshenziswa ukuze nizenze zindawo eziphakeme. iziphuphutheki Geostationary anamekwe yenkabazwe, ngakho ngeke Site elide ezisenyakatho eningizimu noma. Ukulokho ngempela ome njengeqanda: mkhathi ezinwabuzelayo i lesiyingi side ne-Earth, eseduze eyodwa onqenqemeni. Kusukela satellite yanda amandla adonsela phansi, ihamba ngokushesha kakhulu lapho useduze iplanethi yethu. Uma ususa ijubane kubambezela, ngakho asebenzisa ngayo isikhathi ngaphezulu phezulu emzileni ku ayengayicabangi onqenqemeni Zomhlaba, ibanga ongafinyelela ayizinkulungwane 40. Km. isikhathi esemkhathini ngema-awa lange-12, kodwa abantu abangaba izingxenye ezimbili isikhathi satellite uchitha ngesoni esisodwa Nenkabazwe. Njengo-semi zokuvumelanisa orbit satellite sidlula indlela efanayo njalo ngemva kwamahora angu-24. Isetshenziselwa zokuxhumana enyakatho noma eningizimu kude.

Umhlaba ongaphakeme

iziphuphutheki Iningi yesayensi, abaningi esiteshini sezulu isikhala basesimweni eduze-isiyingi ongaphakeme Umhlaba orbit. emthambekeni kangakanani kuncike ekutheni ukuqapha abakwenzayo. TRMM wethulwa ukuqapha emvula, ngakho has a ukuthambekela iphansana (35 °), kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo eduze nenkabazwe.

kokuma eziningi ezivela NASA iziphuphutheki ngu polar orbit vysokonaklonnuyu. Uhamba mkhathi ezungeza umhlaba kusukela pole ukuze isigxobo nenkathi 99 imiz. Isigamu isikhathi sidlule phezu imini ohlangothini iplanethi, futhi ubuyele ubusuku esigxotsheni.

Njengoba ukunyakaza satellite Umhlaba uzungeza ngaphansi. Ngesikhathi iyunithi ingena ingxenye esikhanyayo, iphele endaweni eseduze indawo ukudlula orbit zokugcina. Phakathi nenkathi yamahora angu-24 satellites polar ukumboza iningi Umhlaba kabili, kanye emini kanye ebusuku.

Sun-zokuvumelanisa orbit

Njengoba iziphuphutheki geosynchronous Kufanele ube ngaphezulu yenkabazwe, ngokuvumela ukuba bahlale ngephuzu elilodwa, polar-ezizungezayo unekhono ukuhlala esifanayo. orbit wabo welanga zokuvumelanisa - empambana yenkabazwe mkhathi bendawo isikhathi solar ihlale ifana. Ngokwesibonelo, Terra satellite kweqa phezu Brazil njalo ngo 10:30 am. empambana Landelayo emva 99 imiz phezu Ecuador noma Colombia futhi kwenzeka ngo 10:30 nesikhathi sendawo.

orbit Sun-zokuvumelanisa kuyadingeka ngoba isayensi, njengoba kuvumela ukuba silondoloze engela kwelanga falling phezu Earth, nakuba ngeke ifane kuye isizini. Lokhu ukungaguquguquki kusho ukuthi ososayensi ungaqhathanisa iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokuba kudingeke sikhathazeke kuzuba inkulu kakhulu ekusibekeleni izithombe kwesikhathi okukodwa eminyakeni iplanethi, okungase bawakhohlise yokushintsha. Ngaphandle ilanga-zokuvumelanisa orbit bekuyoba nzima ukugcina umkhondo wabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukuqoqa ulwazi oludingekayo isifundo endabeni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Indlela satellite sincane kakhulu. Uma kuwukuthi endaweni engamamitha angu-100, umzila wokuzungeza kumele abe emthambekeni 96 °. Noma yimuphi ukuphambuka akwamukeleki. Kusukela ukumelana emkhathini futhi ibutho elikhangayo le-Sun futhi kaMoon orbit ukushintsha ama-apharathasi, kumele njalo kushintshwe.

Beka ku-orbit: Launch

Ukwethulwa kudinga amandla, futhi leyo mali kuxhomeke indawo pad qalisa, ukuphakama futhi emthambekeni trajectory ikusasa ukuhamba kwayo. Ukuze sifinyelele orbit akude, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amandla ngaphezulu. Satellites nge ukuthambekela eside (isib polar) Ngaphezu kwalokho amandla ukudliwa kunalawo ejikeleza phezu yenkabazwe. Beka ku-orbit nge ukuthambekela eliphansi ekusizeni Ukujikeleza eMhlabeni. I-International Space Station ihamba engela 51,6397 °. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi-mkhathi wakhiwe futhi kweminsalo Russian babe kulula ukuthola kuye. Ukuphakama ISS - 337-430 km. iziphuphutheki Polar, ngakolunye uhlangothi, esebenzisa i-pulse Umhlaba ungatholi, ngakho zidinga amandla ukukhuphuka ibanga elifanayo.

ukulungiswa

Ngemva kwethulwa satellite kuyadingeka ukwenza imizamo uyigcine endaweni orbit ezithile. Njengoba Umhlaba akuyona sphere ephelele, amandla adonsela phansi yayo unamandla kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu bokungafani, ngaphezu ekhangayo ilanga, inyanga kanye Jupiter (iplanethi omkhulu kakhulu Solar System), eshintsha ukuthambekela orbit. Kukho konke ukuphila isikhundla sakhe GOES iziphuphutheki ukulungiswa izikhathi ezintathu noma ezine. LEO NASA amadivayisi kufanele ulungise enyakazayo yayo njalo ngonyaka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze-Earth iziphuphutheki kuthinta emkhathini. Zogqinsi elingaphezulu, nakuba ngempela kwaphela, abe ukumelana uqine ngokwanele ukuze basondele eduze Earth. Umthelela gravity kuholela ukusheshisa satellites. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ashe endaweni Kuvunguza ocwilayo aphansi futhi ngokushesha emkhathini, noma ukuwa emuva Earth.

Air ukumelana namandla lapho ilanga iyasebenza. Njengoba nje emoyeni ibhaluni ikhulisa antante lapho evuthayo, yandisa antante emkhathini lapho ilanga ulunika eneji olwengeziwe. Kwaphela izingqimba asemkhathini iyanyuka athathe indawo yakhe luthe ukuqina. Ngakho-ke, kumasathalayithi azungeza umhlaba kufanele ushintshe indawo yayo mayelana izikhathi ezine ngonyaka ukuze sivale lapho sisilela hudula ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Lapho solar umsebenzi esiphezulu, isikhundla kudivayisi kufanele ulungise njalo emavikini 2-3.

Isikhala doti

Isizathu sesithathu, ephoqa kimi ku-orbit - isikhala doti. Omunye nezokuxhumana satellite Iridium ishayisane non-isebenze mkhathi Russian. They valekile, ukudala ifu doti ehlanganisa izingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-2,500. into ngayinye ingezwe ku-database, okuyinto manje ihlanganisa okungaphezu 18,000 lezinto Lokudabuka yabantu.

NASA uqaphe ngokucophelela konke ungase uthole ngendlela satellites, isb. A. Ngenxa doti kuye kwadingeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ukushintsha orbit.

Centre Mission Control onjiniyela ukuqapha isimo iziphuphutheki kanye isikhala doti, okungase kuphazamise ukunyakaza futhi njengoba kudingeka ukuhlela ngokucophelela evasive aqondisa. Kungokufanayo ithimba izinhlelo futhi yenza aqondisa ukuze ulungise enyakazayo futhi ukuphakama satellite.