Negesi lokushintshisana emisipheni wamaphaphu kangakanani?

kukhona umgudu wokuphefumula ukuqinisekisa amaseli, izicubu kanye nezinhlaka umoya-mpilo emzimbeni womuntu. Siqukethe izitho ezilandelayo: acinene ingaphakathi, nasopharynx, amalaka, kuqhoqhoqho, bronchi kanye namaphaphu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola isakhiwo sabo. Futhi cabanga exchange igesi ezicutshini namaphaphu. Chaza izici kwezimila zangaphandle ezenzeka phakathi umzimba kanye emkhathini, futhi kwangaphakathi egeleza ngqo emangqamuzaneni.

Kungani esiwuhogelayo wona?

Abantu abaningi abazange bangabaze ukuphendula: ukuthola umoya-mpilo. Kodwa abazi kungani siludinga. Abaningi Impendulo ilula: oxygen okudingekayo ukuze uphefumule. It kuvela umjikelezo omubi. Avuleka, thina kuzosiza biochemistry ukuthi etadisha umzimba amaselula.

izingqondo Bright abatadisha lokhu isayensi, sekuyisikhathi eside bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi umoya-mpilo enikeziwe ezicutshini futhi izitho, oxidizes carbohydrate, amafutha namaprotheni. Lokhu kukhipha abampofu amandla kwakwakhe: carbon dioxide, amanzi, i-ammonia. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi ngenxa zindlela zokusabela is kuhlelwe umqondo ATP - jikelele amandla izidakamizwa esetshenziswa iseli ngemisebenzi yalo ebalulekile. Singasho ukuthi exchange igesi emisipheni wamaphaphu nje futhi uyokhulula umzimba kanye nezinhlaka zayo oludingekayo ukuze namachibi oxygen.

Mshini gas exchange

Linomqondo khona izinto okungenani ezimbili, ogama kwegazi emzimbeni inikeza izinqubo umzimba. Ngaphandle oshiwo ngenhla-mpilo negesi lokushintshisana emaphashini, wegazi nezicubu kwenzeka nomunye kwakwakhe - carbon dioxide. Lakhiwa ukusabela dissimilation. Ngenxa ezinobuthi izidakamizwa exchange, kumele lisuselwa cytoplasm amaseli. Ake sihlole le nqubo kabanzi.

Carbon dioxide lingena nge okusheshayo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi cell ku uketshezi interstitial. Kusukela ke engena capillary igazi - ama-venule. Ngaphezu kwalokho lezi zitsha uhlangane, obumba aphansi kanye engenhla vena cava. Bona ukuqoqa igazi ayegcwele CO _2. Futhi oyiqondisayo phakathi ATRIUM kwesokudla. Nge zokunciphisa nodonga lwawo ingxenye igazi emithambo yegazi ingena i-ventricle yangakwesokudla. Lapha iqala iphaphu (ezincane) ukuzungeza. umsebenzi wakhe bazogcwalisa igazi nomoya-mpilo. Emithambo yegazi lwemithambo yamaphaphu kuba. A CO _2, esikhundleni salokho, livela igazi isuswe nibonakala ngokusebenzisa imigudu yokuphefumula. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani, kumelwe siqale ukufunda isakhiwo kwamaphaphu. Negesi lokushintshisana emaphashini nezicubu wenziwa isakhiwo ekhethekile - le-alveoli futhi capillary.

Isakhiwo emaphashini

It abhanqiwe izitho etholakala ngaphakathi komgodi esifubeni. Iphaphu kwesokunxele iyizingxenye ezimbili. Kwesokudla ezinkudlwana ngobukhulu. It iyizingxenye ezintathu. Ngamasango ukukhanya bahlanganisa bronchi ezimbili, okuyinto igatsha out ukwakha isihlahla okuthiwa. Ngokusho amagatsha emoyeni ihamba phakathi inhalation futhi okhishwa ngamakhala. On encane, bronchioles zokuphefumula ahlelwe Bubbles - le-alveoli. Basuke eqoqwe acini. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, yakha parenchyma yamaphaphu. Kubalulekile ukuthi isitsha ngasinye equkethwe ukuphefumula kakhulu enmeshed capillary inethiwekhi kwegazi ezincane nezinkulu. Inzuzo legatsha imithambo yamaphaphu kokunikeza igazi emithambo yegazi kusukela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla, is zithutha ku mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi we-alveoli-carbon dioxide. A yamaphaphu ama-venule efferent alveolar zithathwa aphume umoya-mpilo emoyeni.

igazi Arterial ageleza ngemithambo yamaphaphu kuya ATRIUM kwesokunxele, futhi ukusuka lapho - ku le-aorta. imithambo emagala aso unikeze omzimba adingekayo ukuze yangaphakathi-mpilo ukuphefumula. Kungenxa alveoli igazi emithambo yegazi iba ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni. Ngakho-ke, negesi lokushintshisana in iphaphu kwezicubu kwegazi Kwenziwa ngqo ku amancane kwegazi. Lokhu kungenxa Kufinyeta okuqhubekayo kwemisipha inhliziyo ekamelweni izindonga.

kwezimila yangaphandle

Ibizwa nangokuthi ukupholisa yamaphaphu. Ingabe ukushintshana emoyeni phakathi kwemvelo yangaphandle kanye ne-alveoli. ephefumula Physiologically efanele ngokusebenzisa ingxenye ekhaleni kunikeza umzimba sokuqanjwa emoyeni: mayelana 21% O _2, 0.03% CO ₂ no-79% we-nitrogen. Ngokwe izindlela womoya ke engena alveoli. Sinenkosi ingxenye yabo emoyeni. Ukwakheka kwalo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 14.2% O _2, 5.2% CO _2, 80% N _2. Breath, exhale njengombana alawulwa ngezindlela ezimbili: sezinzwa futhi humoral (lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide). Ngenxa ukukhuthazwa isikhungo zokuphefumula we oblongata medulla, nerve amaza kuthiwa ngobulili imisipha intercostal zokuphefumula kanye diaphragm. Umthamo ukwanda thorax. Amaphaphu, zibukele ezihambayo ngemuva Kufinyeta we umgodi esifubeni, kuthiwa uyanda. Air ingcindezi therein kuba aphansi ukwedlula umfutho womoya. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye emoyeni kusukela engenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula engena alveoli.

I okhishwa ngamakhala kwenziwa emva umoya. It kuhambisana ukuphumula kwemisipha intercostal nokuvusa lwaleli diaphragm. Lokhu kuholela ukwehla wamaphaphu ivolumu. Umfutho womoya kuzo kuba superatmospheric. Futhi emoyeni nge ngokweqile carbon dioxide liphuma bronchioles. Ngaphezu kwalokho, in the upper ipheshana zokuphefumula, kufanele kube ngaphakathi komgodi acinene. Ukwakheka emoyeni iyaphuma kanje: 16.3% O _2, 4% CO _2, N ₂ 79. Kulesi sigaba, yangaphandle negesi lokushintshisana. Yamaphaphu negesi lokushintshisana, ama-alveoli eyenziwa inikeza amaseli nge-oksijini ezidingekile kwezimila yangaphakathi.

kwezimila yeselula

Afakwe catabolic ukusabela umzimba kanye namandla. Lezi zinqubo kufundvwe biochemistry, futhi nokwakheka izitho zomzimba. Negesi lokushintshisana emaphashini nezicubu futhi kwehlisa nomunye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle. Ngakho, ukuphefumula zangaphandle uketshezi interstitial izimpahla umoya-mpilo futhi kususa carbon dioxide kuwo. A yasekhaya, kwenziwe ngqo kuseli ye organelles yayo - mitochondria ezonikeza isiqiniseko oxidative phosphorylation futhi ATP zamagama, isebenzisa i-oksijini ukuze lezi izinqubo.

Krebs umjikelezo

Ingabe tricarboxylic acid umjikelezo okuholela cell ukuphefumula. Iletha ndawonye uhlela impendulo esigabeni anoxic energy umzimba kanye izinqubo ezihilela amaprotheni transmembrane. Iphinde uba umphakeli kokwakhiwa impahla yeselula (acid, ushukela, ephakeme acid carboxylic) kwakheka ukusabela yayo Lesisemkhatsini, futhi esetshenziselwa cell ukukhula nokuhlukana. Njengoba ubona, lesi sihloko watadisha exchange igesi emaphashini nezicubu, kanye kunqunywa indima yayo yemvelo umzimba womuntu.