Native amazwi Russian: izibonelo. Obsolete izwi Russian

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ezifana ulimi zokwakheka njengoba amazwi akusebenzi futhi lwendabuko Russian. Ekhuluma ngomsuka bomdabu silulumagama Russian akuyona iyunifomu. Siqukethe izingqimba eziningana, okuyinto zingafani nesikhathi nesenzakalo yabo.

Indoevropeizmy

I lasendulo iningi indoevropeizmy Russian yasendulo, okungukuthi, amagama abadlule olimini lwethu kusukela esikhathini ubunye Indo-European. Ngaphansi ezizathwini of the abacwaningi, lapho yimpucuko Indo-European ekhatsi 5-4 eminyaka BC, ngaphakathi okuyinto united izizwe ezihlukahlukene abahlala endaweni kahle esikhulu. Ngokusho ucwaningo esakazwa abanye ososayensi, kule ndawo ayesuka River Yenisei kuze kufike emfuleni iVolga. Abanye basikisela ukuthi kwaba kwasendaweni South Russian noma Balkan-iDanube. umphakathi okhuluma ulimi oluthile okunjalo njengoba Indo-European, aphawula ukuqala izilimi zaseYurophu, kanye ezinye Asian (ezifana-Sanskrit, Bengali).

Amagama, ngibuyela-ulimi yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka, esekelwe kulo mphakathi amelela izilwane, izitshalo, amaminerali kanye izinsimbi, uhlobo ukuphathwa, amathuluzi, izinhlobo nokuzwelana nabanye - amagama bomdabu Russian. Izibonelo: salmon, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, impisi, ihansi, ithusi, imvu, uju, ithusi, indodana, umama, ebusuku, indodakazi, iqhwa, isikhulisi, entsha, amanzi, kanye nezinye uthunge.

Common lwamaSlav izwi

Isendlalelo esilandelayo amazwi bomdabu Russian kuhlanganisa Common lwamaSlav, eyayihunyushwe zizuzwe njengefa Slavic (ie Proto-Slavic) ngolimi oluvamile Russian. Babekhonza njengababhali umthombo hhayi kuphela ngolimi lwethu, kodwa futhi zonke ezinye Slavic. Lolu limi-base kwakukhona ezikhathini zasendulo phezu Insimu Vistula, le Bug futhi Dnieper. Lezi zindawo kwakwakhiwe ngezizwe lwamaSlav lasendulo. ulimi Common Slavic ku 6-7 eminyaka BC ngiyaquleka. ukuvula Ngakho indlela sokuthuthukiswa eziningi Izilimi zesiSlavic, elingelakwaJuda Russian ubudala. Kulula ivelele Common lwamaSlav izwi kuzo, imvelaphi yabo evamile kusobala namuhla. Ukuze ezivamile Slavic liyaphuma ulimi futhi Russian. Primordially Russian Common lwamaSlav izwi zihlanganisa njengenhlangano ebalulekile okuyingxenye.

Abaningi phakathi kwabo ngemabito. Okokuqala, kuba amagama aqondile amagama bomdabu Russian. Izibonelo: emphinjeni, ikhanda, inhliziyo, nesilevu, ensimini, entendeni, ihlathi, entabeni, Maple, birch, inkomo, noma inkabi, isando, ummese, nemfoloko, umakhelwane, seine, inceku, isivakashi, umngane, wesipina, umalusi, umbumbi.

Kukhona abstract, kodwa mancane kakhulu. Lawa: intando, ukholo, isono, umuzwa wecala, inkazimulo injabulo, umcabango, wathukuthela wagan 'unwabu.

Phakathi kwezinye izingxenye inkulumo emelelwa jikelele silulumagama Slavic netento: ukulalela, ukubona, ukuba aqambe amanga, sikhule. Umlandzi ubudala, abasha, zobuqili, ehlakaniphile. Izinombolo: amathathu, amabili, elilodwa. Abito: wena, thina, wena. tandziso Pronominal: lapho kukhona. Amanye amagama umsebenzi: ku, yebo, futhi, njengoba kushiwo ngaphezulu, nezinye bomdabu Russian amazwi. Izibonelo ingaqhutshezwa.

Common silulumagama Slavic okwamanje kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili amazwi, kodwa lokhu ngempela silulumagama encane - core Russian isichazamazwi. Kuhlanganisa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amazwi, stylistically kokungathathi hlangothi ezisetshenziswa kokubili ngokubhala nasenkulumweni.

Ukube lwaluvelaphi we Proto-Slavic ulimi lwesiSlavic ezahlukeneyo kwaso izici ezahlukene lucebe, kwezakhi zolimi futhi zikahle futhi kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu alandelayo: empumalanga, entshonalanga naseningizimu.

Eastern silulumagama Slavic

Isendlalelo wesithathu, okuyinto etholakala isiRashiya eziyimisebenzi amazwi Old Russian (Eastern Slavic) limi. Lena kakade esikhathini sakamuva, lapho kusebenza futhi umsuka walawo magama lasendulo Russian. Lokhu silulumagama ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo ulimi lwesiSlavic Eastern, elinye lamaqembu ezintathu, elihlanganiswa Old Slavic. ngesikhathi sako nesenzakalo - 7-9 AD leminyaka. Ngu ayehlala eMpumalanga Yurophu imifelandawonye emuva tribal abantu Ukraine, Russian kanye Belarusian. Yingakho sonke lesi isikhathi sethu amazwi ulimi zaziwa kanti lawa amanye amabili: Belarusian futhi Ukraine, kodwa noma ngingekho izilimi eningizimu futhi amaSlav entshonalanga.

Ungakhetha okulandelayo kungokwalabo ulimi East Slavic. Njengoba wawasebenzisa lawo magama ngolimi kusukela ekuqaleni, ayizange athathwe, liphinde amazwi bomdabu Russian. izibonelo:

- amagama izinyoni, izilwane, squirrel, inja, duck, iqhude, bullfinch;

- amagama amathuluzi: blade, imbazo;

- amagama yasendlini izinto: ebhakedeni, amabhuzu, ruble, lo ibhokisi;

- amagama abantu imisebenzi: ukupheka, umbazi, miller, izicathulo;

- amagama ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: isiphetho, emzaneni, kanye namanye amaqembu lucebe-semantic.

silulumagama Empeleni Russian

Ngokulandelayo, ungqimba sesine kungenziwa zibuyiswe - empeleni silulumagama Russian, okuyinto wabunjwa ngemuva ngekhulu le-14, okungukuthi kwesikhathi yentuthuko esizimele Belarusian, Ukraine nezilimi Russian. Kakade avele okulingana yabo yokuveza izinto ezithile noma izenzakalo.

Empeleni amazwi Russian ungabahlukanisa ngesisekelo the esuselwe: Ipheshana, ongumakhi, umphakathi, a cloakroom, nezinye ukuphazamiseka.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indlela yokwakheka ulimi olunjalo kungaba futhi izwi nge ezihlukahlukene izimpande okungezona bomdabu ukuthi baye baya bheke yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i sicalo isiRashiya, tijobelelo (non-party, party, umbusi, ulaka, iketela, ingilazi), kanye nokuba sekhaya eziyinkimbinkimbi (esitimela , umsakazo iyunithi). Futhi zihlanganisa eziningi ezahlukene amazwi slozhnosokraschennyh, okuyinto kwekhulu lama-20 wajoyina ngolimi lwethu: iphephandaba odongeni, LPH, Mat nabanye.

Manje nowokuzalwa Russian silulumagama liyaqhubeka likhula nge inclusions amasha, zidalwe ngosizo izwi wokwakha imithombo yolimi lwethu ngenxa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene kwemagama.

Obsolete izwi Russian

Ukungabambi iqhaza zisebenzisa izwi lingenzeki ngokushesha zinyamalale kuwo. Baye baqonda isikhashana ukukhuluma naye, eyaziwa kithi emisebenzini eqanjiwe. Nakuba inkulumo umkhuba kwansuku kudingeka kubo ayisekho obhekana nazo. La mazwi bakha inqolobane yokwenziwa silulumagama futhi izichazamazwi ahlukahlukene nge ekhethekile kwaphawula "zaphela.".

amazwi Process archaization

Ngokuvamile archaization inqubo okuphuma kancane kancane. Phakathi amazwi esiphelelwe ngakho kukhona labo abalulekile "isipiliyoni" (ezifana le, ngakho-ke, nokubomvu, reche, vorog, ingane). Abanye kusukela silulumagama asebenzayo sokuqanjwa zihlobene yokuthi basonta Old kwesikhathi Russian yentuthuko yakhe. Ngesinye isikhathi amagama zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi, kokuvela futhi anyamalale esikhathini yakamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, "Shkraba" kwasho ukuthini kulona 20s "uthisha". Noma yimuphi amagama anjengokuthi "Workers '," NKVD "esiphelelwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Musa njalo isiphakamiso esinjalo elihambisana amalebula izichazamazwi njengoba inqubo archaism kungenziwa igcwaliseke ngisho noma cha ngempela ephelele.

Izimbangela archaism

Kunezizathu ahlukahlukene archaization silulumagama. Abakwazi ukuthola extralinguistic (extralinguistic) uhlamvu, uma zokwenqaba ezihambisana ukusetshenziswa amagama athile nge kugucuka nomphakathi. Kodwa kungase kukwenze nokuba abe imithetho okunemibandela namalimi wemiphakathi. Tandziso 'engakwesokunene', "oshuyu" (kwesokudla, kwesokunxele), isibonelo, kusukela silulumagama asebenzayo wanyamalala ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Generating amabizo ( "Ingalo yangakwesobunxele" - "Shuitsev" futhi 'engakwesokunene' - 'engakwesokunene') arhaizovalis. Ezimweni ezinjalo, wadlala kubalulekile indima ebuhlotsheni letindzala amayunithi ahlukahlukene lucebe. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi kwesokunxele "Shuitsev", futhi ngenxa yalokho isihlakazeka ngamazwi efanayo isixhumanisi semantic ezahlukene ukuthi aye ahlanganiswa namanye idatha izimpande zomlando. "Shulga" Ngokwesibonelo, ngolimi awuzange wasigcina okushiwo "angamanxele" futhi wahlala negama, obuhlehlela emuva isidlaliso. Ngakho manje leli gama lisetshenziselwa. Mayelana isiRashiya, izinqubo ngaphakathi ke, ungakhuluma isikhathi eside. Konke lokhu ithakazelisa kakhulu. Thina kafushane nje, kusibonelo esisodwa, ngeke ukuchaza inqubo ejwayelekile.

yokwakheka efihliwe elandelayo imibhangqwana: isandla oshuyu kwesokudla, ngesandla sokudla-Shuitsev; uxhumano lahlotshaniswa (oshuyu kwesokunxele). Kodwa igama elithi "ngakwesokunene" isikhashana, naphezu ubudlelwane archaization uhlelo ehambisana nayo, esiqhutshwa ngolimi lwethu. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhathini Pushkin lalisetshenziswa ngolimi olusankondlo, "isitayela okusezingeni eliphezulu," izwi. Mayelana isiRashiya ingakhulunywa abe elokhu ivela, ukuze silulumagama is yisikhathi - inqubo yemvelo. Igama elithi "oshuyu" uhlala kuphela njengenhlangano ukunkenketha zakudala, ulisebenzise kuphela esimeni satirical, kwakunokwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukwakheka silulumagama ephelelwe yisikhathi

silulumagama ephelelwe yisikhathi heterogeneous wolimi. Ukwakheka kwalo kuhlanganisa igama lesiGreki elisetshenziswe Russian (izibonelo: Semo, kuphethwe, ukuthi, lzya) kanye staroslavyanizmy (izinkalo, ngokwanga, bushelelezi), eboleka kusukela ngezilimi ezahlukene ( 'politesse "-" Inhlonipho "," Uhambo "-" Uhambo " "abshid" - "umhlalaphansi").

Ukuvuselelwa amazwi esiphelelwe

Zikhona nezinye izimo lapho esiphelelwe izwi Russian kabusha, emuva ku esiqiwini asebenzayo silulumagama. Ngokwesibonelo, e isiRashiya namuhla bavame ukusebenzisa amabizo alandelayo: UNgqongqoshe uLieutenant, iphoyisa, isosha, ukuthi zakudala olulandela uOctober. Banikele indlela omunye: commissar kwabantu, division kumlawuli, iRed Army isosha. Kusukela nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa ku 20s ke esetholakele, isibonelo, igama elithi "umholi", ngisho ngenkathi Pushkin waqonda njengoba zakudala futhi izichazamazwi wesikhathi kuholela udoti elihambisana. Namuhla-ke arhaizuetsya futhi. muva Hue elahlekile amazwi zakudala ezifana Duma yokuzivocavoca, umnyango Lyceum. Bakhandwa esikalini ngemva 1917 njengoba historicism.

historicism

Buyela supply asebenzayo amagama athile kungenzeka kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile. Kuyinto njalo ngenxa ezahlukahlukene extra-namalimi wemiphakathi. Uma archaization wabizela yimithetho kwezilimi sabonakala lucebe uhlelo uxhumano, wathola amazwi abizwa ngokuthi historicism.

Phakathi kwabo kukhona amagama imiqondo, izenzakalo futhi izinto abantu abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi: chainmail, oprichnik, iphoyisa, gendarme, komfundisi, a hussar, a kwamaBolshevik, ingane yesikole requisitioning, nep, umlinyana ephakathi nendawo, lezi kulak, le VKP (b) kanye nabanye. Historicism, njengoba umthetho, ziwumphumela izizathu extra-ngokolimi: ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, ushintsho kwezenhlalo, ubuyekeze izinto zasekhaya, izikhali, njll

Namuhla e uhlelo esikoleni kuhlanganisa isihloko "izwi Russian Obsolete futhi lwendabuko" (Libanga 6). Noma ubani kumele wazi okungenani okuncane mayelana ulimi lwendabuko, umlando wayo ukuthuthukiswa. Isihloko sethu kulotshiwe ukuze bandise abafundi ulwazi izingqimba ehlukahlukene silulumagama, zazo izwi elikhulu Russian.