Minerals: igama. Izinhlobo amaminerali (isithombe)

Nature inika umuntu ithuba lokujabulela izinzuzo ezivezwa ke. Ngakho-ke, abantu bahlalela ukhululekile kakhulu futhi konke okudingayo. Phela, amanzi, usawoti, izinsimbi, nophethiloli, ugesi kanye neminye imikhakha - konke okudalwe ngendlela yemvelo futhi kamuva ibe ukuma efiselekayo ngoba indoda.

Kuyefana nasendleleni ubunjalo imikhiqizo efana namaminerali. Lezi eziningi izakhiwo crystal ezingefani i material ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa for the omningi ezihlukahlukene izinqubo zezimboni e ezomnotho kubantu. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga, yiziphi izinhlobo amaminerali ukuthi ngokuvamile zimelela lezi zakhi.

Minerals: izici jikelele

Ngomqondo ezivamile e mineralogy, igama elithi "amaminerali 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso namaculo esiqinile izakhi zamakhemikhali nokuba eziningana ngabanye physico-chemical izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhiwa kufanele kuphela ngendlela ejwayelekile, ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.

Minerals kungase zimiswe uyinto elula (okuyigugu) futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Indlela kumiswa zabo nazo ezahlukene. Kukhona izinqubo anomthelela ukwakhiwa zabo:

• igneous;
• ezingaphansi kolwandle;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

lokubolekwa elikhulu amaminerali, eqoqwe ibe uhlelo olulodwa, okuthiwa amatshe. Ngakho-ke, ukudida le miqondo emibili akufanele kube. Imayini namaminerali ekhishwe ukukugaya futhi sicubungula izingcezu lonke yamadwala.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali zezakhi okukhulunywa zingahluka futhi siqukethe inqwaba izinto ezahlukene elonakalisayo. Nokho, kukhona njalo into eyodwa obusa kwengoma. Ngakho-ke, kuba engananazi futhi ukungcola awacatshangwa.

Isakhiwo amaminerali

namaminerali Sakhiwo - crystalline. Kunezindlela eziningana ongakhetha kuzona ngoba grid ukuthi kungenziwa amelelwe:

• cubic;
• olunezinhlangothi;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

Lezi zinto zehlela ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka ukwakheka amakhemikhali analyte.

Amafomu amaminerali

Omunye kungaba ucaphune ngezigaba ezilandelayo, okutshengisa isakhiwo eziyisisekelo amaminerali.

1. izinto Native noma elula. Iphinde namaminerali. Izibonelo zibandakanya: igolide, insimbi, i-carbon ngesimo idayimane, emalahle, anthracite, nesibabule, isiliva, selenium, ayibe, ithusi, i-arsenic, i-bismuth nabanye abaningi.
2. Halides, okuhlanganisa chloride, fluorides, bromides. Lokhu amaminerali, izibonelo aziwa bonke: usawoti rock (sodium chloride) noma halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides futhi hydroxides. Ezakhiwe metal oxides futhi okungezona izinsimbi, isb kwenezele ke umoya-mpilo. Kuleli qembu kukhona namaminerali, esimagama - chalcedony, corundum (irubi, isafire), magnetite, asebenza ngebhethri, hematite, rutile, kanye nezinye kassematit.
4. Nitrate. Izibonelo: I-potassium ne- sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: calcite optical, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - nosawoti of carbonic acid. Lokhu amaminerali abamagama kanje: Malachite, aragonite, Magnesite limestone, wokulinganisa, zemabula nabanye.
7. Sulfate: Gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphate - zonke nosawoti we acid elihambisana akha ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo namaminerali. Amagama - nepheline, apatite nabanye.
9. Silicates. I nosawoti of silicic acid, kokuba iqembu elinabantu Sio _4. Izibonelo amaminerali ezifana yilezi: lwaba yikrisolithi, feldspar, itopazi, garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, Lapis lazuli, nabanye.

Ngaphezu amaqembu ngenhla ezikhonjwe, futhi nazo kwakwakhe organic obumba lonke ezifakwa zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Peat, amalahle, urkit, calcium oxalate, yensimbi kanye nabanye. Kanye ezimbalwa carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

izakhi Native

Lawa amaminerali (izithombe kungabonwa ngezansi), okuyinto akhiwa izinto ezilula. Ngokwesibonelo:

• igolide e ngesimo isihlabathi futhi okuyigugu, ingots;
• idayimane kanye graphite - crystalline allotropic ukuguqulwa eheleni carbon;
• zethusi;
• esiliva;
• yensimbi;
• yisibabule;
• izinsimbi-platinum iqembu.

Ngokuvamile lezi zinto zitholakala aggregations elikhulu ezinye izinto, izingcezu yamadwala nasemigodini imikhando. Ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo embonini kubalulekile kubantu. Bona - ngesisekelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa ukwenziwa izinto, kusukela lapho kamuva ekhiqizwa ezihlukahlukene izinto zasekhaya, umklamo, umhlobiso, imishini nokunye.

Phosphate, arsenates, vanadates

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa amatshe namaminerali, okuyizinto umsuka ikakhulu exogenous, ukuthi itholakala ku engxenyeni engaphandle uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Ngaphakathi akhiwa phosphate kuphela. Zikasawoti of phosphorous, i-arsenic ne vanadium acid empeleni impela eningi. Nokho, uma sihlola isithombe esikhulu, iphesenti jikelele wabo ngendlela okuqukethwe encane amagxolo.

Kukhona zinhlayiya eziningana ezivamile ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu kuleli qembu:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, lezi amaminerali akha rocks usayizi ngempela umxhwele.

Oxides futhi hydroxides

Kuleli qembu kuhlanganisa wonke oxides amaminerali, futhi elula eziyinkimbinkimbi okuyinto akhiwa ngezinto, okungezona izinsimbi, intermetallic compounds, futhi izakhi inguquko. Inani iphesenti lezi izinto koqweqwe - 5%. Okuwukuphela iphathelene silicates, hhayi iqembu akhuluma ngayo, - a Sio Silicon oxide ₂ nazo zonke izinhlobo zayo.

Omunye kungaba usho nezibonelo eziningi amaminerali enjalo, kodwa isho ezivamile:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Lime.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (irubi, isafire).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

Lesi sigaba amaminerali kuhlanganisa e ubulungu yayo ezihlukahlukene enkulu ngokwanele abameleli, nakho anencazelo ebalulekile esiwusizo abantu. Ngakho, kukhona sub-amakilasi noma amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• soda namaminerali;
• bastnesite.

Ikilasi ngalinye kufaka e ubulungu bayo abambalwa kuya kwabangaba amashumi Abamele. Kukhona yikhulu carbonates ezihlukahlukene amaminerali. Okuvame kakhulu kubo:

• nangemabula;
• limestone;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• Magnesite;
• carbonate nabanye.

Ezinye ziba igugu njengoba ajwayelekile kakhulu ezibaluleke zezinto zokwakha, abanye zisetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe, kanye nabanye asetshenziswa ubuciko. Nokho, zonke zibalulekile, futhi umkhiqizo wabo ofundiswa ekhuthele kakhulu.

silicates

I onhlobonhlobo amafomu zangaphandle kanye nenani abamele iqembu namaminerali. ukushintshashintsha okunjalo kungenxa yokuthi ama-athomu Silicon ezihleli yabo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali, labo abazokwazi yokuxhuma tinhlobo letehlukene izakhiwo, wokuxhumanisa emhlabeni ngokwayo ama-athomu amaningi umoya-mpilo. Ngakho, ungakwazi ukwakha lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izakhiwo:

• isiqhingi;
• uchungechunge;
• tape;
• ishidi.

Lezi amaminerali, isithombe okuyinto kungabonwa esihlokweni, zaziwa kuwo wonke umuntu. Okungenani ezinye zazo. Phela, enjengale zihlanganisa:

• itopazi;
• amabhomu;
• yikrisoprasi;
• rock crystal;
• Itshe Eliyigugu;
• chalcedony nabanye.

Zisetshenziswa ubucwebe, aziswa njengezinto umklamo onamandla ukuze isetshenziswe art.

Omunye kungaba godu ucaphune isibonelo amaminerali, esimagama aso akwaziwa kahle kubantu abavamile, akuhlobene mineralogy, kodwa nokho babalulekile kakhulu embonini:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. UBeryl.