Marquee Isonto eRussia: Izibonelo

High, isesihlalweni amathempeli kude hipped babe ukuma ofanele kakhulu ukwakhiwa eRussia. ezikhumbuzo Abaningi ezisekhona kuze kube yilolu suku nakwa-namanje mangaza izivakashi nge ubuhle bayo. Ngisho endaweni wezangaphakathi akazange adlale indima etendeni ubudala namathempeli azidalwanga imibuthano emikhulu. ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha kanye nesikhombisa babe ukuyedlula ngoba ukuvela izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Cathedral of the intercession phezu Moat) e Moscow ku Red Square, lakhiwa 1552 futhi kumakwe ukubonakala kwakhe ukuthunjwa Kazan. Okunye etendeni amasonto Russia sekunzima ancintisane nabo ubuhle nodumo.

izakhiwo

Emongweni bonke ezakhiwa mayelana efanayo. kwesitsha ozinzile eyabekwa kuyinto octagon encane - usekelo etendeni octagonal, sifisa esibhakabhakeni. Noma kunjalo, wezakhiwo beletha ekwakheni okuthile okuhlukile, kungani hhayi ezimbili amathempeli ezifanayo. Ukuhlakanipha wavezwa avame ezihlukahlukene ukwahlukahlukana izingxenye umhlobiso.

Isici ukuthi unawo wonke amathempeli hipped - ukungabi khona izinsika, okungukuthi, wonke isakhiwo usemahlombe izindonga, ngakho amatende ububanzi cishe akwenzeki. Ngakho, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uye kuhlulekile sibanzi itshe etendeni Cathedral iJerusalema Elisha Monastery. Khona-ke salandelwa ukhuni ukukhanya Unamekwe yensimbi, futhi imele ethempelini, abantu abajabulayo emhlabeni.

Ukwenqatshelwa?

Kusasele iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu amathempeli hipped lusakazwe kabanzi kuleli zwe. Kodwa kwafika kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon e 1653, ngemva kwalokho isitayela sasifana kube yinto enqatshelwe. marquee Isonto eRussia okwamiswa ngalo ukuba yakhiwe. Mhlawumbe i ban esisobala ekwakhiweni wayengekho. Kodwa iqiniso akuyona esakhiwe ngemuva izinguquko of Nikon marquee itshe isonto. Enyakatho, baqhubeka ukugxumeka amatende ngamapulangwe namasonto amancane nemibhoshongo insimbi ezifana kwaqedwa wahlala ethandwa ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe classicism.

Ngeshwa, abambalwa kakhulu izibonelo uyasinda bokwakha sokhuni, ematendeni amasonto lokhuni ngaphezu ukugqoka kwamangqamuzana futhi Ukuyekwa post-wamavukelambuso zabhekana nobunzima obuningi futhi cishe wanyamalala. Nokho ukhona, iziqhingi evikelwe ezweni elinesidingo esitolo Antique. Lapho ngibuya ukuthandeka isitayela Russian (Kwatholakala Nokho, mbumbulu), hip izakhiwo njengoba lavuselelwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Nokho, lezi zakhiwo zihluke kakhulu ezincwadini ababengaphambi zabo. Itende amasonto kwekhulu le-17, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kungenzeki ukuphindaphinda, futhi ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni, eyabonakala ekuqa- namakhulu eminyaka lweshumi nanhlanu kanye nesithupha.

amasiko

Ukubukeka Awe-Pommel hipped ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi amasonto Russian ezakhiwa njengoba izikhumbuzo ikakhulukazi bugcine phakathi ezinye zezenzakalo ezikule ncwadi. Itende amasonto kwekhulu le-16 ezingasho welulela phezulu. izakhiwo zesonto Russian athuthukile ke kusukela vaults izinguquko. Umbono wokuthi emasikweni itshe izakhiwo ngaphambili - izinkuni - uselokhu unproven hhayi ngempela lesifanele. Lokhu lusobala kukho izifundo sezakhiwo lokuqala - Church of the Ascension e Kolomenskoye (1532 Vasily III) nesonto kweNyuka we Vologda Posada (1493). Kuyinto izibonelo esiqephuzayo ngempela ukusebenza amasonto etendeni itshe.

iphethini abathandwayo futhi Church of the intercession e Medvedkovo lapho ngokucacile liphinyiselwe isitayela yezakhiwo nge itende esikhundleni Dome. Leli thempeli kuyafana eminingi impela-ephethwe St Basil sika Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo futhi uyakufanelekela incazelo ecacile. Libuye isici kakhulu edumile Russian hipped amathempeli: intercession (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo-zintathu) Bandla Alexander yokubeka (1510), iSonto Uglich "Yinhle Kakhulu" (1628), eMoscow ngo Putinki Ukuzalwa KukaKristu yesonto Virgin.

Medvedkovo

Leli thempeli yakhelwe okusezingeni eliphezulu phasi (ezansi lapho Znamenskaya isonto ebusika), okuyinto egcina wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu we quadrangle, emagumbini awo igcwaliswe domes encane. On the quadrangle kuyinto sasivumela ongaphakeme ukukhanya octagon njengoba ngesisekelo esicacile itshe etendeni. Wacondza ezimfushane quadrangular futhi octagonal, ukwakhiwa okuqinile netende inika ngokuvumelana ekhethekile futhi cishe flying, ngoba ukuphakama etendeni cishe abangaphezu kuka yonke ingxenye engezansi ethempelini. Basement, sizungezwe zemibukiso kanye has amabili alinganayo-Chapel - Nine Abafel 'ukholo futhi Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

By the way, ngokokuqala ngqa eRussia eyodwa esinamakhanda quadrangular hipped ophahleni elinikwe lapha. Phezu kwe-altare isakhiwo, isipikili ngokwenza isahluko ekhethekile, ezingavamile multi-ngezithako zawo ngenxa enwetshiwe empumalanga Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba yesonto aphansi. Kokoshniki, afakwe imigqa phezulu ezindongeni quadrangle, futhi esekelwe, wasusa itende lakhe phezu isahluko ukuthweswa umqhele ukugcizelela ukwakhiwa pyramidal ezaziphase isakhiwo, solemnity yayo, isifiso esibhakabhakeni yokukhuphula ubuhle umphefumulo. Ithempeli nasentshonalanga njengomuntu embhedeni isekela Empire isitayela isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi, zakhiwa 1840s.

indaba

Nezinkinga kufike isikhathi buboniswa ngokuba zonke izinhlobo zezinhlekelele zemvelo, ukungenelela yi nabasePoland nase abaseSweden, ngakho uhulumeni, isimo kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki isimo kwaba enzima. amasonto itende e Moscow, futhi lonke leli zwe ukuba nokwakha kwanqamuka. Stone isakhiwo, njengoba enjalo, zaphela nya. engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuphela, Russia ifinyelele ezingeni ukwanele resumption zamatshe izakhiwo. Empeleni, ngemva amathempeli 1620 okuphindaphindiwe izinhlobo yangaphambilini ye izakhiwo.

Futhi ngokushesha kakhulu kulandele izinguquko uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon, lapho amasonto etendeni ayisekho "bakwamukele isikhundla." Nikon bathandile Dome izahluko ezintathu noma ezinhlanu. Ngo 1655, e Vishnyaky ekwakhiweni ethempelini umyalo uMphathi Izindlwana ezimbili zaphela amakhanda hhayi kwakhuphuka kanye nokubuya, nakuba lo msebenzi abathintekayo ngowokuqala.

Stolpoobraznoe njengoba umanduleli

Lapha, okokuqala ngathatha isinyathelo ukwehluleka phakathi kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni nazo zonke ubudala futhi preference zonke inzalamizi WaseByzantium, kuhlanganise cross-Dome design. Nakuba marquee isonto eRussia okusikhumbuza ngaphezulu Western Gothic: Dynamics, ukulwela phezulu, umbhoshongo izakhiwo insika-amasonto.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSonto Ioanna Predtechi edolobhaneni Djakovo (eMoscow) kanye Church of the isimo edolobhaneni Ostrov (esifundeni eMoscow). Bobabili ezakhiwa engxenyeni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha yesibili, futhi kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ezimbili insika-uhlobo izakhiwo etendeni. Futhi ungakwazi ukukhonza njengesibonelo futhi elinye lamasonto edume kunazo zonke, insimbi kwemibhoshongo "Ivan Veliky", ezakhiwe behlonipha Ioanna Lestvichnika ku ezibiyele e 1505.

izibonelo

Umsebenzi Podkolokolny nge uqimba belfry, elamiswa ngenhla nje nethempeli, okuhloswe etendeni amathempeli ayifani. Kwaba ngokuhamba eziningana izixazululo ezahlukene lathumela, inkululeko enkulu ukuba umakhi, futhi namanje uthola cishe njalo ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu stolpoobraznye amathempeli.

Ngokwesibonelo, ithempeli Ongcwele yehla (1476, zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra), Kolomna St George Bell Tower (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo - ethempelini Arhangela Gavriila, iminyaka 1530), iSonto St uSimeyoni-Stylites (Danilovsky Monastery, eMoscow, ngo-1732, wakha ngaphezu kweSango oNgcwele), emibili futhi ngasemnyango wethempeli ku Donskoy Isigodlo, ibandla St uSergiyu ka Radonezh (Novospassky sezindela isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi), isonto Feodora Stratilata oNgcwele Warrior (Menshikov umbhoshongo, eMoscow, yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye) nabanye.

izimpawu

Stone HIP izakhiwo kufana isesimweni ukhuni, lesi sitayela luvame kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Kwakubonakala, ngokuvumelana zemihla ngemihla, ngokusobala amasampula kwezinkuni. Nokho, uma ngenxa yezizathu kwesakhiwo Dome etendeni salandelwa ukwakhiwa emathempelini enziwe ngokhuni, ukwakhiwa itshe ayikwazi elihlobene ne-design. Kunalokho, isifiso dlulisa ethile yesithombe - conviviality abalwela phezulu. Akukhona nje esifundazweni kodwa futhi inhloko-dolobha, Silhouettes side amathempeli zamapulangwe wamukelekile kakhulu futhi njalo wadlala indima ehamba phambili.

Esikhathini izakhiwo HIP inikeza ejulile umthwalo semantic: lena indlela eya embusweni wezulu, futhi uxhumano kwesikwele (umhlaba wadala) nombuthano (uphawu yaphakade). Kwesitsha - isikwele, efanekisela emhlabeni, octagon - zonke izindawo emkhathini ezinhlangothini zomhlaba, plus liyinkanyezi eziyisishiyagalombili enamaphoyinti njengoba iwuphawu Virgin kanye ngosuku lesishiyagalombili - inombolo engcwele kwekhulu esizayo. Itende ethempelini ukuthweswa umqhele - Isigaxa isithombe Ladder ukhokho uJakobe, indlela eya kuNkulunkulu.

Kolomenskoye no-Aleksandru Sloboda

Zintathu Church of Alexander zokuhlala (manje - intercession) - esigodlweni Prince Vasily III ethempelini. Isihlobo kosuku ukwakhiwa isikhathi eside kwakukhona ukungavumelani, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva sihlehlela yona 1510. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, itende isonto lokuqala kakhulu ayebhekwa Ascension e Kolomenskoye (1532), okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi eyakhelwe isikhulu esifanayo esihle.

Empeleni lokhu kuye kwaba wobuciko enkulu, kodwa kwakungeyona ngowokuqala. Bobabili amathempeli zakhiwa zaba Manors inkosi sika yizikhonzi kuncane kangakanani. Futhi Ascension waba lesikhumbuzo yokudumisa lokuzalwa uyindlalifa - omkhulu Ivana Groznogo. UMdali i Ensemble emangalisayo kwi-Alexander isiphetho kubhekwa umklami Italy - okusha Aleviz, nombhali kweNyuka Church, futhi, mhlawumbe Italian - Petroc Minor.

St Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Njengoba lena ezinkulu izivakashi hhayi kuphela e Moscow, kodwa ezweni lonkana, lokhu amasonto etendeni Kudingeka utshele imininingwane ngangokunokwenzeka. Kazan Khanate wahlulwa, futhi sidalwe behlonipha lokhu lesikhumbuzo, kuze kube yilolu suku iwuphawu Russia, futhi lesikhumbuzo okungenakuqhathaniswa bokwakha. Cathedral of the intercession phezu Moat lakhiwa iminyaka eziyisithupha (kusukela 1555) futhi uye waphenduka ngokungavamile, ngisho hhayi elihle lasemhlabeni. Ngaphambili, ke kwaku zintathu neSonto nomsele ukuzivikela eduze ezibiyele, okuyinto yagcwala kuphela ngo-1813. Esikhundleni salo manje yamathuna futhi Mausoleum.

Wayengubani Vasiliy Blazhenny, wangcwatshwa eduze zintathu Church Red Square? Lokhu eMoscow Whacky, wanika isipho clairvoyance, ngubani labikezela izinhlekelele eziningi, kuhlanganise umlilo omkhulu ngo-1547, lapho kushiswe cishe zonke eMoscow. Ngokwakhe Ivan Grozny wayelihlonipha futhi pretty okuningi wamesaba Vasiliya Blazhennogo, yingakho wangcwatshwa kanye esidumisa futhi indawo ezibomvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi ngokushesha babeka ethempelini, okuyinto kamuva sidluliselwe amandla isiwula clairvoyant, ngoba ithuna lakhe ngokushesha ngemva komngcwabo waqala izimangaliso - abantu saphiliswa, bheka, izinyonga zihamba, futhi sukuma okhubazekile.

Nokunqoba ayisishiyagalombili

Kazan kwaqalwa lo mkhankaso, okwaphela ngukunqoba okokuqala, ngokuvamile Russian kule ndawo yanqotshwa ukunqotshwa emva. Ivan le Kubi wenza isithembiso - uma Kazan ziyokuwa, agqoke Red Square iyona netempeli elihle khulu ikhumbule ukunqoba. Futhi wagcwalisa isithembiso ngokuphelele.

Le mpi yaba eside, futhi ngemva kokunqoba izikhali Russian ngamunye eduze zintathu Isonto kwakhiwa ibandla elincane yokudumisa saint abalusuku lwabo kwaqondana kukhathazeka yayo. Ngemva kokubuya okunqobayo kwezindaba Ivan Grozny, amabandla amasha esikhundleni eziyisishiyagalombili lokhuni wanquma ukubeka yitshe elikhulu - edume kunazo ukuthi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Izinganekwane

Beautiful abakhi ethempelini efanelwe eziningi kangaka ezihlukahlukene izindaba eziletha konke lapha akunakwenzeka. Ngokwesiko, inkosi Ivan le Kubi waqasha amakhosi amabili Barma futhi Postnik Yakovlev. Eqinisweni kwaba nomuntu oyedwa - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma ngegama, kodwa wethiwa okusheshayo. Kukhona legend ukuthi emva ukwakhiwa abakhi eNgophezukonke waphuphuthekisa ukuze ungalokothi futhi akukho ndawo lutho sihle lelithempeli ayakhelwe. imisebenzi Bangaki yobuciko lokhu indaba kulotshiwe Nokho, akuyona.

Kukhona imibhalo, futhi ngempela inani elikhulu, ngemva Cathedral of the intercession Ngokushesha eyakhelwe yaseKazan Kremlin. Kakhulu-ke kungaba elihle, mhlawumbe, kodwa kwenye indawo. Yiqiniso, akuwona ezifana St Vasiliya Blazhennogo, okuyinto ehlukile, kodwa futhi umsebenzi omkhulu bokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baba nomuzwa esandleni ukwakhiwa okusheshayo we Annunciation Cathedral (eMoscow ezibiyele), Assumption Cathedral, St Nicholas Church (Sviyazhsk - kokubili), ngisho iSonto uSanta uJohane uMbhapathizi e Dyakovo. Zonke lezi amathempeli zadalwa kamuva kakhulu.