Louvre Isigodlo: umlando kanye nezithombe

Louvre Palace (France) kuyinto Museum futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo maphakathi Paris, kwakhiwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ekuqaleni behlaliswe inqaba omkhulu, kamuva kabusha ibe esigodlweni nenhle. Namuhla, kuyinto Museum kunabo bonke emhlabeni neqoqo ocebile zobuciko.

incazelo

inxuluma enkulu kunayo yonke eYurophu mlando, iguqulwe ibe Museum, isendaweni ibhange kwesokudla Seine. Iminyaka 800, eyinkimbinkimbi lavuselelwa kaningana. Ngamagama yezakhiwo Louvre ugxile tincenye ekuvuselelweni, baraque, neo-classic kanye eclectic. Ezinye zalezi zakhiwo, unamathele nomunye, sisonke bakha isakhiwo enamandla, elamiswa ecebeni i isikwele side. Yiqiniso, omunye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu laseParis iyona Louvre Palace.

uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisa:

• isakhiwo main, ehlanganisa ezintathu exhunywe izingxenye zemibukiso;
• ukuchayeka komhlaba, okuyinto ingxenye ebonakalayo Napoleon ingilazi mbhoshongo egcekeni;
• lwaleli lokunqoba Carousel futhi Tuileries Gardens.

Isakhiwo zezakhiwo kanye endaweni bangu-60 kuya ku-600 m ² Museum njengoba kungabantu abangaphezulu kuka 35 000 imisebenzi yobuciko. Ilifa emhlabeni kuhlanganisa imidwebo, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu ubucwebe, izinto zangamalanga, izakhi yezakhiwo, esehlanganise isikhathi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye. Phakathi ziphephile eyigugu kakhulu - Itshe nge Ikhodi kaHammurabi ebhubhisa, esiveza of Nike ka Samothrace, Umdwebo "Mona Lisa" kaLeonardo da Vinci nezinye yobuciko.

ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

Louvre Palace, obuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini XII, ekuqaleni wakhonza njengephayona umsebenzi luyingxenye ukuzivikela. Ngesikhathi Philip Awugustu II wokubusa ngaphandle kwe-Paris Yakhiwa tridtsatimetrovoy umbhoshongo ukuzivikela - the makaqhubeke. Esakhiwe emhlabeni ke 10 imibhoshongo ezincane exhunywe udonga.

Phakathi nalezo zikhathi zeziyaluyalu, ingozi main livela ntshonalanga: nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kungaba ukuhlasela amaViking noma pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi French ezizukulwaneni Plantagenet futhi Capetian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha umfelandawonye enkosini yaseNgilandi kwaba Duchy yaseNormandy, etholakala endaweni.

I inqaba wakhonza njengephayona umsebenzi wokuhamba sihlola isimo-ukuzivikela. Izingxenye ngamunye basembhoshongweni kungabonwa emiphongolweni. Bangabakhe esichasiselweni esizinikezele umlando we Louvre, walanda ngaphansi bemivubukulo. Kungenzeka ukuthi inkosi wakha lenqaba ku izisekelo ekuseni ohlelweni ukuzivikela. Phela, igama elithi "Louvre" ngolimi zamaJalimane kusho "inqaba".

ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

Engxenyeni kwekhulu weshumi nane wesibili Louvre Palace usebhekene izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, Paris, uye wanda kakhulu. New izindonga zomuzi bangene bese enqabeni wayeneminyaka ngaphakathi kwemingcele idolobha useyingane. Ukubaluleka amasu ka isakhiwo ukuzivikela icekelwa. UCharles V Hlakaniphile kabusha enqabeni ibe inqaba omele futhi sashukumisa indlunkulu yakhe.

Donjon ukuthi ngokuphelele kabusha. Sakhiwo ingaphakathi yaguqulwa izidingo zokuhlala, kwakukhona ophahleni elineziqongo. Duzane quadrangle eyakhelwe izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye commercial of lobulinganako. Ngenhla esangweni main rose yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili ezimbili ezincane nenhle, okwakunginika ukwakhiwa obugagu ezithile.

Ingxenye engezansi izindonga kancane walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Izinsalela izakhiwo nesikhundla ikota iphiko empumalanga ye Louvre lokhu. Ikakhulukazi - the quadrangle igceke sikwele.

Renaissance

Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, uFrancis nganquma reinvent Louvre Palace. Umakhi Per Lesko okuphakanyiswe kabusha enqabeni e isitayela French Renaissance. Umsebenzi waqala ngo-1546 futhi waqhubeka ngaphansi uHenry II.

isakhiwo okusha ekuqaleni kwakufanele ukuma unxande nge egcekeni elikhulu (Chur Kare) kodwa ekugcineni washintsha kumumo sikwele. Phakathi nokuphila Pierre Lescot yayakhiwe kuphela ingxenye iphiko entshonalanga ohlangothini eningizimu. Kuyinto izakhiwo endala walondoloza ngokuphelele lokhu Louvre.

Ukuhlela ukwakheka kabanzi isetshenziswa izakhiwo amafomu classical, hlanganisa them bendabuko esikoleni isiFulentshi (ophahleni eliphezulu attics). Lesi sakhiwo elinesimo ukuhambisana avumelanayo olungaphambili lwesonto kanye esishintshashintshayo ezintathu unokungaxhumani ngesimo amawindi unxande isipikili pediments elingunxantathu, ahlukaniswe pilasters futhi izindawo zokudlala Esitezi. Olungaphambili lwesonto kulekelelwa ukubaza eziningi. Louvre Sigodlo ekhatsi ezimele hhayi ngaphansi kuka emehlweni umxhwele. Lesko, kanye umqophi Jean Goujon eyakhelwe eHholo Omkhulu nge esifanekisweni lika-Arthemisi.

Ukwanda enqabeni

Phakathi nokubusa Ekateriny Medichi yayakhiwe eduze esigodlweni Tuileries , futhi ithuthukiswe nomqondo isandiso ukuze Louvre izakhiwo wakhe ekhona. Henry IV kwadingeka ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi.

Okokuqala Louvre Palace ezisalayo sasicwengwa lock ubudala futhi egcekeni ukunwetshwa. Khona-ke abakhi Jacques futhi Louis Métezeau Andrue kuphelile ukwakhiwa igalari Petite futhi waqala umsebenzi igalari elikhulu (Grand Gallerie), okuyinto ixhunyiwe Louvre kanye Tuileries.

Kakade kulesigaba eyinkimbinkimbi kuba yilokho esigxila kukho lapho isayensi namasiko. It kwaku indlu yokunyathelisa, a Mint. Bese kwelinye izakhiwo bavunyelwa ukuba axazulule kanye nomsebenzi Okugweda, abadwebi, Jewelers, watchmakers, izingalo abenzi, yezithakazelo ezigxilile zababazi, Abeluki.

XVII ekhulwini

Louvre Palace laqhubeka landa futhi ngekhulu lesikhombisa. ULouis XIII luphakamile baton wokhokho bakhe. Ngaphansi kwakhe Zhak Lemerse ukwakhiwa inkundla waqala ngemva kwamahora angu-1624, futhi izakhiwo enyakatho lamiswao - ikhophi igalari Pierre Lescot.

ULouis XIV, waba buthaka yamaphrojekthi ezinkulu, ngaphambilini ukuthi lowo muntu adilize zezakhiwo ezindala bese uqedela isikhala igceke. Bonke yakhelwe nesitayela esifanako. Kodwa Umgomo kakhulu kwaba ukwakhiwa aseMpumalanga emphemeni.

Njengoba lokhu kuyingxenye esigodlweni zibheke edolobheni, ke banquma ukwenza umbukwane ikakhulukazi. abakhi engcono YaseYurophu isikhathi bamenyiwe. Le phrojekthi wokuvelela kunazo ethulwa Italian Giovanni kukuyo. Wasikisela kwabakwaIsrayeli badilize wonke isigodlo abese kwakhiwe esisha. Uma ucabangela ukuphikelela nzima futhi eyinkimbinkimbi izokwakhiwa kanjani inkosi langaphambilini, umbono sinqatshelwe. Klod Perro (umdala umzalwane Umxoxi Sharlya Perro) yaba ebucayini, okuyindawo steel wacasulwa.

Paris ubuso

East emphemeni siguqulwe Louvre Palace. Incazelo imitha-173 ochwepheshe ukwakhiwa elichaza kanje - samuntu esiphezulu imibono classicism French. Klod Perro wenqaba evelele ngesikhathi a izakhiwo omkhulu wamaRoma, izakhi zazo isigamu-amakholomu kanye pilasters. Bona kwathathelwa indawo evulekile amakholomu isitayela laseKorinte, bephakamise oluyisicaba (okwakuyindawo i emisha).

Kuyamangalisa ukuthi C. Perrault (empeleni self-wafundisa) kunganikeza ukonakala, angaboni ukuphakama kwesakhiwo ngaphandle kwezithombe nezinhlu "imihlobiso", ethandwa ekhulwini XVII. imibono yakhe giant oda obunobunye esibheke omkhulu phasi, wacosha abakhi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. izinhlobo ezifanayo izakhiwo lapho futhi Petersburg. Umqondo ukubeka ngazimbili ikholomu phakathi amawindi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu zabasiza zenza airiness ka emphemeni, ngakolunye - ukwandisa umthamo wokukhanya ngokufaka amakamelo.

VXIII-XX leminyaka

Ngalesi sikhathi Louvre Palace ilahlekelwa isimo esigodlweni. Ngo 1682 Korol Lyudovik kanye nabasizi wakhe bathuthela Versailles. amakamelo eminingi isala sidle. Lapho Napoleon Bonaparte kusakhiwa ihholo. Ngokusho iphrojekthi Visconti ungeze ku- iphiko enyakatho. Fontaine futhi Percier - zemibukiso ezintsha kwakhiwa.

Ekhulwini XX (iminyaka 1985-1989), umakhi abadumile-IM Pei ezihlongozwayo umklamo ngokugqamile nenhle Museum ngomshoshaphansi. Kulokhu okufakwayo esengeziwe Louvre Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iphiramidi ingilazi kanyekanye Dome of the ihholo ngomshoshaphansi.

kumiswa amaqoqo

amaqoqo Eyingqayizivele Louvre waqala ukwakha njengoba isikhathi eNkosini uFrancis I, Admirer art Italian. Wabahlanganisela emisebenzini yezwe eyithinta Fontainebleau Yenguquko, bese adluliselwe Paris.

Emhlanganweni we uFrancis I babe zabalingiswa Raphael, uMichelangelo ukuqoqwa amagugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkosi abamenyiwe kusukela Apennines the best Italy abaklami abadwebi, Jewelers, Okugweda. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke wezivakashi yakhe kwaba uLeonardo da Vinci, ifa lokungapheleli okuyinto waya Umdwebo Louvre "Mona Lisa."

Phakathi nokubusa kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi uHenry IV Louvre Palace Paris laliyisikhungo bokubeka France. Grand Gallery kwadingeka eziningi amakhosi abadumile, omisebenzi yakhe yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo Museum esizayo. ULouis XIV alithanda zonke enhle. Ehhovisi yakhe yobukhosi, kwakukhona neshumi nanhlanu imidwebo, isiFulentshi, lase, isiNtaliyane nabaculi Dutch.

The French Revolution nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni Museum kanye nenguquko yayo ibe somphakathi. Amaqoqo yamakhosi, aristocrats, amabandla kukahulumeni futhi bajoyine Museum. imikhankaso kaNapoleon baye baba umthombo replenishment le ukuvezwa elandelayo. Ngemva kokunqotshwa Napoleon babebuyela ezingaphezu kuka-5000 izingcezu ethumba abanikazi wangaphambili, kodwa abaningi wahlala Louvre.

Ukwakheka Museum

26/07/1791 ababamele LoMhlangano ngaphambilini ukuhlangana esigodlweni Louvre "izikhumbuzo kwezobuciko nesayensi." Ukuze Museum zomphakathi kwavulwa 11/18/1793.

Ngekhulu XX le Louvre Palace, okuyinto isithombe abatelekile nobukhazikhazi, uye washintsha. Re igalari komhlaba ne iphiramidi ingilazi lakhiwa, futhi iqoqo Museum lahlukaniswa. Kwakukhona imisebenzi kuphela amdala ngaphambi 1848. Kamuva imidwebo Impressionist iyiswe Museum of Orsay futhi Impressionism. Labo ziphephile zidalwe ngemva kuka-1914 kukhona National Center for them. Georges Pompidou.