"Lo Green Revolution" nasemiphumeleni yaso

Inkinga yokunikeza ukudla emazweni ampofu, nokwethuka kuze kube yilolu suku, kwakungekho izolo. Imizamo yokuxazulula yayo kweyake yenziwa emazingeni ehlukene. Esikhathini 40s kwekhulu lama-20 e-Latin America waqala ushintsho eyayiyoholela ezithela ephakeme, futhi ngaleyo ndlela unike amandla kula mazwe ukukhiqiza ngokwanele imikhiqizo yezolimo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo labantu bayo. Lezi kugucuka abizwa ngokuthi "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu". Ngempela, kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo. Ziba ezinhle noma nakakhulu kwayibhebhethekisa isimo lamazwe abaswele? Ngezansi kuxoxwa.

Igama elithi "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu" yaqale esetshenziswa 1968 by V Gaudio, Umqondisi we-US Agency for Development International. Lokhu ibinzana wachaza kakade ukubona izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezolimo eMexico Asia. Baqala ngohlelo yokutholwa 1940 ekuseni, Government of Mexico kanye Rockefeller Foundation.

imisebenzi esemqoka

Uhlelo of ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo emazweni bantula ukudla yezinjongo eziyinhloko setha imi kanje:

• ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezintsha nge ezithela ephakeme amelana nezilokazane izenzakalo sezulu;
• Ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono ngenkasa izinhlelo;
• ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane umquba wamakhemikhali nezibulala imishini yesimanje wezolimo.

I "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu" lihlotshaniswa igama American usosayensi, etholwe 1970 uMklomelo KaNobel ngegalelo lakhe yokuxazulula le nkinga ukudla. Lokhu Norman Ernest Borlaug. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela yokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha kakolweni selokhu kuqale izinhlelo ezintsha zezolimo eMexico. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe yatholwa ukumelana sokufaka grade nge-stem esifushane, kanti isivuno kuleli zwe landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi 3 yokuqala engu-15.

Kamuva isipiliyoni okhulayo izinhlobo ezintsha wathatha phezu kwamanye amazwe e-Latin America, eNdiya, emazweni ase-Asiya, Pakistan. Borlaug, okwakuthiwa "wayenemihlambi ukusuthisa emhlabeni", eyayiholwa International Ukolweni lokwenza ngcono, kamuva wenza njengoba consultant futhi kwaholela nokufundisa.

Ukukhuluma mayelana nezinguquko ukuthi baletha "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu", wayemi e-lwaluvelaphi usosayensi wathi lona kuphela ukunqoba kwesikhashana, futhi iqashelwe unezinkinga ukuqaliswa ukwanda izinhlelo ukudla emhlabeni, kanye sobala umonakalo kwezemvelo ukuze iplanethi.

I "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu" nasemiphumeleni yaso

Yaba yini imiphumela yezinguquko, eyathatha amashumi eminyaka amaningana ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba? Ezinye izibalo. Kunobufakazi bokuthi inani kilojoule ekudleni nsuku zonke abantu emazweni asathuthuka kunyuke ngo-25%, kanye abaningi bathi lokhu kubangwa labo impumelelo ukuthi baletha "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu". Lokhu kwakuwumphumela amazwe amasha ukwanda irayisi ezithela futhi ezivandeni zikakolo sezivele ithuthukiswe emazweni angu-15. 41 ezihlukahlukene entsha kakolweni etholwe. Ngokwandisa indawo ayetshalwe ukwanda 10-15% isivuno kwaba 50-74%. Nokho, ingxoxo cishe engabathinti amazwe abaswele Afrika, kuhlanganise ngenxa yokuntuleka nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda wendawo.

Yini embi ngalo, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umthelela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Sidakamizwa isikhathi eside uvinjelwe DDT Namanje ezitholakala Antarctica. Nitrogen Umanyolo kwaba ukulimala abalulekile zenhlabathi futhi kancane ukusetshenziswa kakhulu Amasimu kwaholela ukukhathala zabo cishe ngokuphelele. ukufakwa Babengafundile kanye nokugcinwa wokunisela izinhlelo sezishiye nokungcoliswa amanzi. Namuhla, umthombo ukuthuthukiswa kulesi siqondiso is cishe yaphela, futhi kungakho ngobucayi inkinga ukudla ngeke kuphela zikhule.

Futhi, kukuningi okuye kwashiwo ngalokho empeleni kuwumphumela we "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu" asathuthuka aye abe uhlobo amakoloni ukudla. Izinga intuthuko yezolimo emakhaya namanje ongaphakeme, futhi abalimi abaningi yangasese baye balahlekelwa indawo yabo evundile. It uhlala umbuzo evulekile kanye nomthelela ngokudla okushintshwe izakhi empilweni yomuntu.