Kuyini Chartism? Incazelo, izimbangela, ukubaluleka Chartism

Chartism sekukhona eNgilandi wazibonela nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kule 30s kanye 40s kwekhulu XIX. Kwakuyisikhathi ukunyakaza komphakathi nemvelo kanye nezombusazwe.

izizathu Chartism

Igama elithi "Chartism" kwavela ngemva 1839 lapho Charter Yabantu sathunyelwa lePhalamende LaseBrithani. izazi-mlando zanamuhla futhi uyavuma ukuthi lesi qembu imfuneko ukuvela imibono kwezenhlalo-yeningi. core Its main babe ekilasini eminingi lena yesigaba sabasebenzi, nesuka eNgilandi emva Industrial Revolution.

Izizathu Chartism okutholakala isimo ke nzima. Esikhathini 20s kanye 30s UK, kwakusondela igagasi lokushisekela zinhlekelele kwezomnotho. Izinkampani waya yimali avaliwe, futhi lezi zisebenzi zazivela ngaphandle umsebenzi kanye esebenzisa khona. Ngakho lokho Chartism? Lokhu lasabela yesigaba sabasebenzi izimo zomnotho abasafufusa, ukuthola umsebenzi lapho kwaba nzima. Ikakhulukazi ezinzima sasinjani isimo ezindaweni zezimboni, isibonelo e Lancashire (County enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNgilandi). Blue zemvelo ahlelwe nezibhelu elaphela neziyaluyalu, izibhelu futhi inkunzi izitolo zokuthenga.

Indlala nokuphelelwa ithemba kwakufanele kuholele ukunyakaza jikelele we ukukhononda, futhi ekugcineni, lezo zinto zenzekile. Kwaba abe isibonelo esakhayo abasebenzi. Ngo 1832, onxiwankulu wenze izinguquko ePhalamende, okuyinto kubhekwa izithakazelo zayo. Lokhu kufezwa kanye ayesele ngaphandle umsebenzi Bani ezibulala ngomsebenzi izimboni.

Charter Yabantu

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we esemqoka ye Chartists - Charter Yabantu equkethwe amaphuzu amaningana. Kwakuwusuku ukufunwa suffrage jikelele amadoda oneminyaka engaphansi kuka-21, ukuqedwa ziqu impahla kulabo abafisa ukuba babe amalungu, kanye ivoti eliyimfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzi ukunciphisa eside ePhalamende kuze isikhathi esiwunyaka owodwa futhi ukubukeka izifunda alinganayo lokhetho. Ezinye zalezi amaphuzu zohlelo bamsekela phakathi onxiwankulu. Ngokwesibonelo, lase ukufunwa suffrage alinganayo futhi imfihlo. Ukwazi zonke lezi zimfuneko, kuba lula kakhulu ukuba siqonde lokho Chartism.

I phansi isigaba sabasebenzi

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu of Chartism - -conflict phakathi ephalamende kanye nabantu abampofu. Ngo-1934, amalungu ephalamende baye some umthetho mayelana nokusebenza workhouses. Lezi zikhungo beniyingxenye esiza abantulayo noma amajele. Zadalelwa ukuze ukhuthaze abampofu futhi izigebengu ukusebenza ukuze kuzuze umphakathi. Futhi workhouses zana futhi abantu ababengakwazi ukuphuma ukuntuleka komsebenzi kubantu abaningi ukuthi kwavela ngemva obumbi ezimbonini.

Ukuwohloka kwezimo ukusebenzela bonke laba bantu kwaholela imibhikisho emelene ephalamende nezinqumo zayo. Esinye isizathu sokuba ukuvela Chartism - uMthetho omusha Kubi, ophasiswe 1834. Ifomu main bekhalaza lezisebenzi imiboniso mass, ngokuvamile yaphela ngo ecela amasekela. amakhulu ezinkulungwane abakhonondayo waba nengxenye ezenzweni ezinjalo.

Umzabalazo we sabasebenzi amalungelo abo

imiboniso Okokuqala kwavela angesabi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, base bephuma eceleni kuhle phakathi nesigaba sabasebenzi izishoshovu kodwa asebeqale ukwakha inhlangano eyodwa. Isakhiwo lokuqala lase-London Ukusebenza zabesilisa Association ezavela 1836.

Kuyini Chartism futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani imibhikisho esidlule, abebengeneme abampofu? Yilokho abaphikisi kwenqubomgomo wePhalamende bakwazi azihlele futhi udale umphakathi zabo, ukuvikela ngempumelelo izithakazelo zabo. Ngemva London, izakhiwo ezifana uvele kwamanye amadolobha, kuba yinto evamile kulo lonke elaseNgilandi.

It Association wedolobha uklame izinto wakha sisekelo amalungelo avunywe alotshwa ngabantu abadumile sika. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abasebenzi baye bayinqoba ukwesekwa emaphephandabeni eziningi nenye imidiya, ezabe seziqala ukuvusa ukukhuthaza izimfuno Chartist. Ethandwa kakhulu ukujabulela jikelele suffrage, umcabango wokuphinde okuyinto uthola ukunkenketha ezihlukahlukene omagazini owaziwa ezahlukene orientation zezombusazwe. Nakuba ngokuqinisekile esenganyelwe ikakhulukazi ukusebenza kwesokunxele.

Ezizivelelayo esesilinganisweni

Ukuchaza kangcono ukuthi Chartism, kubalulekile ukusho iqiniso lokuthi lokhu ukunyakaza ayikaze Monolithic. Lalinama amaphiko amabili. Abasekeli nimunye onxiwankulu angathanda ukulwela amalungelo abo besebenzisa lekushuca ngekuthula: imibuthano, izicelo kanye nezindwendwe. Bona babemelene yi radicals, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo kuphela ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezinqala kungenzeka ukuba afinyelele imigomo ukunyakaza. Le ndlela ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa udlame olubhekiswe neziphathimandla. Radicals, njengoba umthetho, ayesele.

kwesokudla-wing wing futhi unaka ngokukhethekile yombuzo we Imithetho Ummbila. Bakhandwa ezamukelwe ngu ePhalamende emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ngaphambi British ukuvikela abalimi kumqhudelwano angaphandle. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokwethula ku zwe ku amazwe okusanhlamvu imisebenzi. Lezi zinyathelo futhi anda intengo isinkwa, engesiyo efana ukusebenza.

Chartists emhlanganweni

ukunyakaza Chartist kuholele yokuthi umhlangano lowabanjwa e Glasgow ngezinga elikhulu entwasahlobo ka-1838. On ke, ngokusho kombiko ezihlukahlukene, kwaba khona abangu-abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-200. Le kube yimiphumela ebonakalayo Chartism. Manje zonke abasebenzi abampofu kuleli zwe babehileleke ukunyakaza umbhikisho.

Ngo-February 1839, London kwaqhutshwa umhlangano wokuqala owaba jikelele abasekeli Chartists. It wayezelwe esikhundleni uMtsetfo wePhalamende, futhi kwakufanele kube isetshenziswa ukunganeliseki ethandwa. Lokho-sisekelo Kwavunyelwana ngomthetho-ke. Ngemva kwalokho waqala umkhankaso omkhulu ezweni lonke. Sicelosikhalo eqoqwe izwi wezisebenzi.

Ekugcineni ehlobo lika-1839 idokhumenti sifakwe House of Commons. Ngalesi sikhathi-ke esasayinwa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Nokho, iPhalamende angisafunanga ukuze okufunwa Chartists. Lesi sicelo sinqatshiwe yiningi amasekela.

ukumelana ahlomile

Amalungu ePhalamende ungafuni ukuba aqaphele ukuthi ukunyakaza Chartist - movement amalungelo inqwaba abakhileyo ezweni. Ngokushesha ngemva yokwenqaba kwabo ukuba bavume-ke uhlu lwezikhalazo eBrithani waqala ukulwa abasebenzi futhi amaphoyisa. Ukudutshulwa lokulwa emgwaqweni babé evamile.

Abaholi abaningi ukunyakaza Chartist ayesezithendeni nemigoqo. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni iqiniso lokuthi 1839, abantu abayizinkulungwane 10 ehlaselwa ejele, labo ababebanga ukuba izisulu eziningi. Isimo uya bahlohla ingxenye lenkhulu ukunyakaza. Phela injabulo bevinjelwa.

Nokho, izimbangela zezinkumbulo Chartism azizange zinyamalale. Njengoba ngaphambili, isimo abasebenzi abaningi kwesokunxele okuningi okufanele oyifunayo. Ngakho-ke, iphiko kwesokudla Chartists ukuba ayeke udlame futhi waphinda wazama ukugxila ePhalamende ukuba a izicelo zabo ezazilethwa ambalwa. New Charter okufakiwe ngo-1842 futhi 1848.

Chartists Kugcine Charter

Umzamo zakamuva kuvumelana izenzakalo ezibalulekile eziningana. Okokuqala, ngo-1847 yaqala nenhlekelele omusha zezimboni, okuyinto wayiphonsa emgwaqweni ngisho izinkulungwane zezisebenzi e-UK. Okwesibili, ngesikhathi esifanayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqala lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Esokuqala sasifana esijana eParis, lapho onxiwankulu ukukhononda egumbuqela Louis-Philip mina, okuyinto ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho amalungelo akhe.

Lesi sibonelo kwaba iyathelelwana, nakuba amandla IsiZulu Chartists bebelokhu kakhulu esingaphansi ukuthi we capitalists French. Abaholi abaningi ukunyakaza umbhikisho babesayenza abahlakazeke eminyakeni edlule. Ngakho-ke, wonke Charter olandelayo, okuyinto ephinda isizuze izigidi zabantu nesignesha. Ngo-1848 iPhalamende futhi wasenqaba lesi sikhalazo, noma, waya nenye efana yokukhansela esikhethiwe imisebenzi okusanhlamvu nokulawula ukusebenza amahora ezimbonini.

Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa emnothweni British futhi wenyukela entabeni. Abakhonondayo silahlekelwe isinyathelo Chartists ngokushesha traffic wafika engelutho. Yiqiniso, izinkinga abasebenzi ungazange usehambile. Abasebenzi aqhubeka balwele amalungelo abo, kodwa ngezinye izindlela ukuthi awazange ezihlobene Chartism.

Inani ezinyakazayo

Uyini umphumela umzabalazo Chartists amalungelo abo iminyaka eyishumi? Ngo-1842, iPhalamende esethula intela edonswa eholweni, futhi kamuva ezaqedwa imisebenzi okusanhlamvu amazwe angaphandle, okuyinto encishisiwe intengo isinkwa. Impumelelo eyinhloko umbhikisho angabhekwa umthetho endaweni yokukhanda. It lwemukelwa ngo-1847 futhi yethulwa bosuku angu-10 abesifazane nezingane, okwakuwuphawu encane, kodwa isandla ukuze isigaba sabasebenzi.

Abacwaningi abaningi baye bazama ukwakha lokho Chartism. Inchazelo bale nhlangano livame ukuchaza ke lokhu kuzalwa njengebika izinyunyana, okuyinto kwaqala ukuvela ngobuningi engxenyeni ngekhulu XIX yesibili.

Inani Chartism ku-iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu nomvuzo ngoba sabasebenzi eNgilandi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izisebenzi bewazi ngokuqinisekile ngamalungelo azo kanye baye bafunda ukuhlela ngokwabo ukuze kulondolozwe izithakazelo zabo.

Chartism futhi eU.SSR

Ikakhulukazi Chartism ethandwa labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe eSoviet Union, okuyinto ukudala i amafilosofi bokuphakama we ekilasini yesigaba sabasebenzi. izincwadi eziningi abafundisi zasekhaya kanye zezomnotho ukuchaza ukuthi Chartism. Inchazelo zalesi simo isayensi Soviet kuhambisana Yebo kaMarx. Chartism lalibhekwa njengento uhlobo isandulela Awakening of the ekilasini yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Lokho laseNgilandi laliphethwe lizwe lokuqala lapho abasebenzi baqala balwele amalungelo abo by izindlela zamanje. Isibonelo salokhu iziteleka eziningi futhi iziteleka. Abasebenzi wayeka ukukhiqiza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi wafika ulimaze kunjalo futhi lapho imishini industrial ngenjongo ubhujiswe.