Ukunyakaza Social eRussia: umlando nesenzakalo

ukunyakaza komphakathi njengoba ehlukene emphakathini omkhulu wabantu bahlanganiswe ngenjongo eyodwa, noma nini isikhathi eside kakhulu. Umbala wawo ixhunyiwe ukuthuthukiswa absolutism engxenyeni kwekhulu lesikhombisa yesibili. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela lokuqala kwezenhlalo eRussia ayehlaselwa ngokwesimo olwathatha futhi sekukhona njengempendulo izinguquko kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko ezenzeka emphakathini.

Njengoba isibonelo iminyakazo zenhlalo ngekhulu lesikhombisa-kungabangela kwenzeka ngo-1648 eMoscow Salt Riot. Isizathu salokhu kabusha intela ukuvukela baba boyar Boris Morozov (1647), lapho ezihlongozwayo ukwethulwa an ezengeziwe, nokumosha ngokuba abavamile, ephanga - intela ku usawoti. Waba yini umphumela walesi design kwakuwukunciphisa usawoti ukusetshenziswa by labantu sabo enkabeni yedolobha bakhangisa waba ukwanda okukhulu ezihlobene nale ukunganeliseki.

Ngemva konyaka, intela usawoti sahoxiswa, kodwa kunalokho owethulwa ezengeziwe zentela eqondile. Lesi sikhathi, ukungeneliseki kwabo wayeveza abantu abavamile nje kuphela kodwa futhi amalungu asebukhosini. Kubhekwane nesimo esishubile iye bhe eMoscow emva abacibisheli yezakhamuzi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich bahlakazeka, wakhetha ukunika kuye isicelo sabo. Ehlobo lika-1648 uqale ezimpini mass izindlu boyars ', abangobhongoza ukunyakaza komphakathi yafuna ukubanika ekuhlatshweni Morozov nabanye abathintekayo e izinguquko intela Eminyakeni yamuva, boyars. Umphumela wokuvukela kwaba ukubunjwa bendawo Union, izicukuthwane abacibisheli, ngubani yafuna ukubiza the next Zemsky Sobor. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, belingisa eMoscow, yokuvukela efanayo okuhleliwe ezinye izakhamuzi izingxenye eningizimu nasenyakatho yezwe.

Kule sibonelo siyabona ukuthi ukunyakaza wokuqala kwezenhlalo eRussia kwavela angesabi ekuphenduleni izenzo izakhamuzi eduze abantu amandla. ukunyakaza okunjalo wathatha ifomu uyaca, kwadingeka wawo, kodwa ukubabiza kuhlelwe ogcwele wegama engenakwenzeka. Lokubaluleke kakhulu babenesifiso ukuziphatha collective libhekene ezazihlelwe kahle izenzo iletha, ukungabi inhlangano kanye umholi oqinile, izenzo engahlelelwe ukunyakaza.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla ukunyakaza komphakathi eRussia ena 19-20 leminyaka. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi imibono zokuqala wamavukelambuso zivela ezingqondweni izishoshovu eziningi abaqavile emphakathini. Abavukeli lokuqala, njengoba umthetho, ayengabafundi beZwi eMoscow Petersburg amanyuvesi. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi kwekhulu le-19 eSt yesibili, kukhona inhlangano wokuqala oyimfihlo izikhulu ( "igenge Engcwele"), inhlangano yokushisekela izwe ( "Union Lakho Lensindiso '). Lezi izimo zenhlalo yehlukile kuloko langaphambilini khona abaholi nenhloso eqondiwe (ukuqedwa serfdom, kokugumbuqelwa uhulumeni wamanje), ekusithekeni esiqinile, isikhathi khona. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi eMoscow University kukhona lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi slavophiles, baseNtshonalanga, utopians nomphakathi, njll ezikhulayo Ukunganeliseki mass nge ngosizi abantukazana Russian esifundazweni.

Njengoba kwekhulu lama-20, izinhlangano zomzabalazo yesiteleka kakhulu kwezenhlalo kwesikhathi babe iziteleka kanye iziteleka abasebenzi 'e namafemu eMoscow, the Donbas, Urals, iqembu lezombusazwe we SRS futhi Social Democrats, imifelandawonye nenokuthula - abalobi nezihlakaniphi.

ukunyakaza Contemporary yezenhlalakahle eRussia ezihlukahlukene okukhulu, iningi labo enzelwe, njengoba umthetho, kuba izinjongo zokuthula. Umsebenzi wabo nokuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela izintshisekelo nezigaba ezithile labantu, ukulwa ukwephula amalungelo ezakhamuzi zayo nobuzwe. Ukuba khona kanye nemisebenzi ziyingozi izinhlangano zomphakathi zivinjelwe, njengoba umthetho, ezingeni zomthetho.