Kant, "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile ': ukugxeka, okuqukethwe

Bayanda abantu yesimanje emuva umcabango wesazi sefilosofi, ngubani waphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Ngakho, wonke umuntu ufuna izimpendulo zemibuzo yabo, wabelane noma ukunqabela umbono wesibili, thola indlela yabo noma ukuncipha. Ifilosofi - kungcono ngokuphelele isayensi ezingalindelekile, kuchazwe emazwini ukuthi akukwazi kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngakho-ke, ubuka izinto kusukela kule umbono can ngokuphelele wonke umuntu. Ngakho, enye abameleli esivelele kunazo zonke nefilosofi German kabanzi uthathwa njengoba U-Immanuel Kant. Ukuphila kwayo kwadluliselwa eduze zithandelana ezimbili kwezinkathi: Yokukhanyiselwa kanye Romanticism. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalo msebenzi wakhe Kuyathakazelisa ngakho futhi wacabanga omkhulu, engalindelekile, futhi okhazimulayo.

Umlando U-Immanuel Kant

sefilosofi German owazalwa ngo-1724. Umndeni wakhe abampofu, kodwa umfana wanikezwa imfundo ehlonishwayo i elite lolimi esikoleni "Friedrichs-Collegium". Ngo 1740, Kant wangena inyuvesi, kodwa ukuqeda izifundo zakhe wehluleka. Isizathu salokhu umcimbi belusizi kwaba kokufa kukayise u-Imanuweli, ngemva kwalokho leyo nsizwa yaba umondli eyinhloko umndeni. Nokho, usosayensi German wathola indlela aphume esibucayi futhi baqala ukufundisa ekhaya. Ngakho Kant uye wasebenza iminyaka eyishumi, ababengebona ngeze, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi wakwazi ukuvikela ocwaningeni kwakhe konke ukuze athole iziqu zakhe, ukuthuthukisa kanye ukushicilela umbono ocatshangelwayo cosmic ngemvelaphi komthala wethu, futhi kwadingeka nelungelo lokufundisa eyunivesithi. Esedabulile eziningi izenzakalo ezingemnandi, udumo iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa ' (1758-1762 GG.), Kant waqala esigabeni esisha yomsebenzi wakhe. Ibizwa ngokuthi "ezibucayi".

Izigaba isazi sefilosofi German

Ake ukugxila umsebenzi sefilosofi esidumile. Ngaphambi kokubhala umsebenzi "I Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile ', sifinyeto okuyinto namuhla angafunda wonke umuntu, U-Immanuel Kant abasebenze imicabango cosmic ukubeka phambili umbono ngemvelaphi izinhlanga womuntu, wanikela ngezigaba lozalo phakathi kwezilwane, wafundiswa namagagasi emhlabeni, indima yabo nendawo empilweni Earth. Zonke lezi impumelelo manje "subcritical" esiteji lokusungula. Zonke umsebenzi ngemva 1770 enikelwe epistemology, izinkinga elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo khona, cognition womuntu, isimo, ukuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo.

"Ezibucayi" esiteji lokusungula Kant sika

Kusukela 1770, umsebenzi U-Immanuel Kant sika yase yaziwa ngokuthi "ezibucayi". Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuthi wabhala imisebenzi engcono zefilosofi, okungakho manje kubhekwe wayecabangisisa omkhulu futhi esivelele kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi usosayensi German abevelele ngakho futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi banayo abanye ethonyeni osukwini lwethu. zefilosofi Iningi abanamathela umsebenzi Kant, sithembele imicabango yakhe nekucabangela. I imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu U-Immanuel Kant kubhekwe "Critique Okucabanga Okumsulwa," "Critique Okucabanga esisebenzayo" futhi "Critique Lokwahlulela". Bakhandwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: epistemology, izimiso zokuziphatha, sobuhle bayo.

umbuso Kant esinonya

Ngezinye isigaba ezithile zempilo zokuphila nenhlalakahle wesazi sefilosofi sawohloka kakhulu. Ukuze uqhubeke ukusebenza futhi ufunde mayelana nezwe, wena, nabanye, Kant bezazisa ngabanye Imodi kanzima. Kukholakala ukuthi ngenxa yakhe Imanuweli wakwazi ngiphile impilo ende enjalo washona ngemuva kokuhlala esibhedlela yabangane bakhe.

I credo main wesazi sefilosofi kwaba ukusebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kuzo zonke izimo. Ngokubona kwakhe, lokhu kwakuyodingeka babe nesibindi sangempela. Ulwazi olusuka ubumfihlo Kant ongamtshela ukuthi akakaze ashade. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi ebusheni bakhe wayengakwazi ukuletha okhethwe (ezibonakalayo), kodwa lapho nkinga yaxazululwa, isazi sefilosofi ayinakho nesifiso sokushada. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yobumfihlo U-Immanuel Kant ingabhala imisebenzi enjalo omkhulu, kuhlanganise nethi "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile '- umsebenzi eliyisisekelo.

umsebenzi Kant sika zefilosofi

Kukholakala ukuthi U-Immanuel Kant kwadingeka zabasebenzi ezinkulu ezintathu kuphela owashintsha ukuphila kwakhe futhi yalelozwe zabantu abaningi emhlabeni. Ngemva 1770 isazi sefilosofi wasebenza emabhukwini abo, kodwa ngo-1781 wakwazi ukushicilela wokuqala babo.

"Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile '- oluyisisekelo izincwadi emibili ezayo. Mhlawumbe ezinye zazo ngeke kubonakale ehluke ngokuphelele, kodwa ubuhlobo yabo indissoluble. Uchaza umsebenzi U-Immanuel Kant kanje: ukugxeka - kuyisihluthulelo isifundo ingqondo yomuntu siqu. Ngakho-ke, bonke abantu akufanele ngokwanele kuphela yokuphatha kulo, kodwa futhi inhliziyo ethandayo. Lena indlela abantu ukubona ngokusebenzisa ucezu kwengqondo yakhe. "Critique Okucabanga Pure" (U-Immanuel Kant) likhanyisa nezindaba isikhala isikhathi, mhlawumbe ngosizo umsebenzi engqondo ukufakazela ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu, njalo njalo.

Kant wacabanga ngomsebenzi wabo wokuqala iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, ngakho njalo izwi ohlala kuso kuyakhulunywa ngaso umsebenzi uyalinganisela futhi anezinye umqondo, ukuba bayiqonde. Nokho, ukuze ubhale 'Critique Okucabanga Pure "Imanuweli wathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nomkhiqizo

Mhlawumbe, ukuze baqonde ukuthi lisengozini, kubalulekile elichaza umsebenzi "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'kafushane. Esimweni esinjalo kungenzeka ukuxoxa ezinye izici zomsebenzi. Nokho umphumela kuba kuphela uma abantu kuzofunda yonke into, cabanga lomusho ngamunye uyobe othanda incwadi. Khona-ke abantu unemibuzo, umqondo wokuthi wonke okufanayo ukuwudlulisela kwabanye sefilosofi German.

Ngempela umuntu ezingalindelekile kwaba U-Immanuel Kant. "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'kungase kutholakale, njengoba kwakungekho muntu isifake msebenzi nezinhlu ephelele, ezibhaliwe izinsuku ezimbalwa emhlabeni. Ngakho, uhlobo nomsebenzi - ke kuba khona ulwazi engqondweni. Enye indlela ukuba ufeze lo msebenzi ukugxekwa. Okungukuthi, ngaphansi becindezelwa ngokwengqondo kwengqondo yethu usabela ngokungajwayelekile ukuthi kwenzekani. Ukuze simazi, kubalulekile ukuqala ukugxeka. Noma kunjalo, bonke abantu ababona ukuphuthuma imisebenzi ngabanye.

Ingqikithi yomsebenzi Kant sika

Ngemva kokufunda imisebenzi Kant wabhala ( "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile '), abantu abaningi baye wadala aluyona ecacile isithombe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi inezingxenye ezimbili: imfundiso obabazekayo izimiso indlela. umsebenzi Kant sika main theme, okuyinto ukuxhuma izingcezu okuqukethwe ezisebusweni izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo iphuzu. "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'Kant - kuyinto imiqondo nolimi. Ngakho-ke, abantu akhulumisana ngayo nama-isazi sefilosofi, waqonda indlela yaso yokubhala kanye nemibono. Nokho, ngokuvamile, umfundi kungaba nzima ekuqaleni yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo umsebenzi. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kudingeka nje ngokucophelela futhi kancane sifunda umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi German.

Ngo "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'yakhe-Immanuel Kant elisitshela khona space kanye nesikhathi, izigaba okucabanga antinomy yayo. Uqala umsebenzi wakhe ongavamile ngezigaba izahlulelo. Ngenxa yalokho, umfundi bajwayelane izinhlobo zayo ezintathu: zokwenziwa, kohlaziyo kanye priori. Ngaphezu kwalokho Lombhalo zonke enemininingwane kakhulu wachaza. Ngokwesibonelo, zokwenziwa essence itholakala ikhono layo ukuze ahlaziye ulwazi olusha. Analytical kungembula property nobe esifundvweni lesitsite, kodwa priori ayidingi ukuthi uhlole ubuqiniso bayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emsebenzini wakhe "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile ', sifinyeto okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi nohlaka oodnoy akunakwenzeka, onikezwe okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi ukwahlulela, njengoba yahlanganiswa (isib, + zokwenziwa a priori).

uhlu lokuqukethwe

Umsebenzi "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'inezingxenye eziningana, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Futhi umsebenzi has a esethulweni futhi isingeniso. Ingxenye yokuqala - imfundiso kaZiqu obabazekayo ka izimiso - yakhiwa izakhi ezimbili, ezifana sobuhle bayo kanye logic. Block yokuqala imayelana space kanye nesikhathi. Kukhona futhi amanye amaphuzu jikelele netiphetfo esigabeni. Block yesibili inkulu ngakho, ukuthi siqukethe izincwadi eziningana: imiqondo izibalo, isimiso esiyisisekelo, imiqondo isizathu okumsulwa, iziphetho yayo dialectical futhi izicelo. Ingxenye yesibili - imfundiso kaZiqu obabazekayo indlela - siqukethe isingeniso izahluko ezine: isiyalo, uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, architectonic nomlando isizathu okumsulwa.

Ngakho, umsebenzi unelungelo "Critique Okucabanga Oluhlanzekile 'ubhekwa enkulu ngokwanele, ukuhlaziywa okuyinto kudinga isikhathi nomzamo. Kodwa abafuni ngabe ukufunda umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo wesazi sefilosofi German kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, wonke amazwi zazo akukhona nje ukuqondana kwezinto.

umhlaziyi Izibuyekezo

Njengazo zonke imisebenzi ethandwa, ukusebenza critique U-Immanuel Kant yabhalelwa "Critique Okucabanga Pure." It is ngqo exhumene the imibono ehlukeneko yezinto zefilosofi kanye abasakazi abanikeza okucatshangwayo, iziphetho umsebenzi kwenziwe usosayensi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa isizathu is hhayi lujule ukuze idatha kungaba nzima ukuphendula imibuzo zisetshenziswa kanye nocwaningo. Ngakho, usebenzisa umsebenzi Kant sika Akunakwenzeka ukuhlola ngokugcwele zokwenziwa ulwazi priori.

Zonke umuntu uqala ukuba nolwazi nakho

U-Immanuel Kant wayezama ukuba badlulisele umfundi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwazi okuthile, ngaphandle umuzwa noma cha selinambithile. Ngakho wafika esiphethweni sokuthi iyiphi umuntu uqala ukuba nolwazi nakho. Ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe umsebenzi wakhe (elibanjwa athile "Critique Okucabanga Okumsulwa," wayeyobe bathandile), wazama ukusiza bonke abantu uthole isipiliyoni ezilusizi ezongenza umuntu owaziyo umqondo wakhe. Yiqiniso, akubona bonke, kodwa ezinye ke kuphela, kodwa kuyoba isinyathelo endleleni ziningi futhi zaba nzima. Ungazibonela ngokwakho ngokufunda ekudalweni Kant obukhulu.