Iziqhumane zasemkhathini emlandweni

Ukuqala forties kwekhulu XX yayinezinto izenzakalo eziphawulekayo ngesayensi. It kwaphawulwa okwatholwa enkulu emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi futhi kwakusho esintwini kwavela amathuba amahle kakhulu aphoyintimenti utilitarian ka umthombo omusha ezinamandla zamandla. Kodwa yezwe yezombangazwe isimo ngesikhathi ezanquma inkambo yomlando. Imizamo ososayensi emazweni amaningana ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi enkambweni obunokuthula yaba yize leze, kusukela kuqala wafakwa umusa ukwakha uhlobo olusha isikhali.

Eyokuqala ku ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi hit-United States. Lakhiwe kuphrojekthi enegama ikhodi "Manhattan Project." Amabhomu amathathu zadalwa ngesikhathi le phrojekthi, okwakunginika amagama "Ziqu-zintathu", "Fat Man" futhi "Boy Little". Ibhomu "Ziqu-zintathu" waba liqhuma phakathi nokuvivinywa kwezikhali zenuzi, "Fat Man" uyekiswe ku Nagasaki naseHiroshima ukuqhuma-athomu lithole kusukela "izingane".

Indaba uya ukuthi ngo-August 1945, ngemva ncamashi amasonto amathathu ukuhlolwa kuqala ngebhomu le-athomu, uMengameli waseMelika Harry Truman ngaphambilini nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Ngakho, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ukuqhuma-athomu phezu Hiroshima, futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, ibhomu yesibili uyekiswe ku Nagasaki ngo-August 6 kulo nyaka. uhulumeni American babekholelwa ukuthi ngokwenza kanjalo abuqede Impi phakathi United States naseJapane.

ukuqhuma Nuclear okubangelwa nemiphumela kolosalnye. Ngemva nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi ukuqhuma eHiroshima labafa olunezinombolo abantu abangaba yikhulu babengamashumi amane anamathathu amawaka. Nagasaki futhi balahlekelwa abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Japan kwakungasekho okunye kodwa sokunikela. Ngakho-ke, ngo-August 15 Insimbi umaluju sasayinwa nguhulumeni Japanese. Esikhathini emlandweni wezwe iziqhumane zasemkhathini kwakuzwakala emizini emibili Japanese, nguye ukuqhuma kuphela, ihloselwe ngokukhethekile lapho kubhujiswa abantu.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvula emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi igcile ngokoqobo izinjongo zokuthula, ucwaningo kule isiqondiso baqhubeka. Kakade ngo-1949, iSoviet Union, ososayensi baqala ukuthuthukisa i ngamandla enuzi amaphrojekthi. Ezinsukwini-May 1950, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha wokuqala esikhungweni samandla enuzi emhlabeni eduze nedolobhana Obninsk, Kaluga esifundeni, njengoba sekuvele awaqalisiwe iminyaka emine. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, esigabeni sokuqala wesibili Soviet esikhungweni samandla enuzi ku saseTomsk esifundeni Seversk yethulwa. Ngawo lowo nyaka waqala ukwakhiwa esiteshini Beloyarsk esifundeni esise-Ural emzini Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, isigaba sokuqala esiteshini wafakwa ukusebenza, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuqala Beloyarki eyalwa e block lokuqala amandla enuzi ngasemzini Novovoronezh. Ngezinye amandla egcwele, esiteshini wathola emva nokuthuma esigabeni sesibili e-1969. Unyaka ka-1973 kwaphawulwa kwethulwa Leningrad amandla enuzi.

Ukwakhiwa elidumile isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi enyakatho Ukraine, eduze kwedolobha eChernobyl, kwenziwa ngo-1978 futhi saphela ngokukhululwa kwethulwa iyunithi wesine ngo-1983. Ukusebenza kwale ndawo kwaba iphrojekthi kwehlulekile kuya ke eSoviet Union. Le ngozi eChernobyl wayengeyedwa. Ngo-September 1982, ngesikhathi kulungiswe block lokuqala ingozi ophendulayo esiteshini, ephelezelwa ukukhululwa emkhathini igesi-umusi ingxube enemisebe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhululwa okukhulu zensimu yashayeka nayo ezimpahleni Nakuba iziphathimandla ayeshilo ngokusemthethweni ukuthi imvelo ayiphazamiseki.

A indima ebalulekile isiphetho eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi ingozi odlale, eyaqala ngo-1986. iziqhumane zasemkhathini eChernobyl waduma amahora 00 amaminithi 23 Apreli 26 ngesikhathi lapho sihlolwa uMhloli Omkhulu turbogenerator esilandelayo. Ukuqhuma phansi ngokuphelele le ophendulayo, le ophahleni lwehholo ophephela awela khona sasihaqiwe yizihlalo engaphezu kuka amathathu umlilo. Ngu 5 ezimpondweni ekuseni zonke imililo sekususiwe. Le ngozi kwalandelwa kwekhabhoni enamandla enemisebe. Phakathi ukuqhuma wabulala amalungu amabili esiteshini, engaphezu kwekhulu abantu athunyelwa eMoscow. Ngenxa ingozi, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu amathathu kanye nabasebenzi eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi kanye eziphuthumayo abasebenzi wathola ukugula ngemisebe.

Ngokuvamile, idatha generalized we iziqhumane zasemkhathini eChernobyl umangalele 28, futhi abangaphezu phose abangamakhulu ayisithupha Uthole emisebeni abalulekile umthamo, okuyinto iningi lamalungu izenzakalo lifiphele ukubonwa kuze kube yilolu suku.