Izinhlobo amaprotheni, Imisebenzi kanye nezimiso

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela Oparin-Haldane eziphilayo eplanethini yethu kwazalwa amaconsi coacervate. Iphinde kwaba molecule amaprotheni. Okungukuthi, kungashiwo ngokuthi lezi amakhemikhali - ngesisekelo zonke ekuphileni okukhona namuhla. Kodwana uyini umsebenzi amelela amaprotheni izakhiwo? Iyiphi indima abayidlalayo emzimbeni futhi ukuphila kwabantu? Yiziphi izinhlobo amaprotheni khona? Zama ukuqonda.

Amaprotheni: umqondo jikelele

Ngokombono isakhiwo zamakhemikhali, i-molecule ye ketshezi okukhulunywa ukulandelana amino acid ahlanganiswa ndawonye yi-peptide izibopho.

Ngamunye acid acid sineqembu ezimbili obusebenzayo:

• carboxyl-COOH;
• iqembu acid -NH _2.

wawubumba therebetween futhi kule uxhumano zishintshe ezahlukene. Ngakho isibopho peptide ine uhlobo -CO-NH. amaprotheni-molecule ingaqukatha ezinkulungwaneni noma amaqembu ezinjalo, kuzoya ketshezi ethile. Izinhlobo amaprotheni zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo yilezo eziqukethe acid ezibalulekile acid umzimba, futhi ngenxa yalokho kufanele udle ukudla. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zinemisebenzi ebalulekile ulwelwesi cell kanye cytoplasm yayo. Catalysts bakhiqiza imvelo yemvelo - enzyme, okuyizinto futhi amaprotheni molecule. Basuke kabanzi ukuphila komuntu, hhayi nje ehilelekile izinqubo kwamakhemikhali izidalwa eziphilayo.

Isisindo yamangqamuzana zezakhi okukhulunywa zingaba kusuke emashumini ambalwa izigidi. Ngoba inani monomer amayunithi esikuziphathimandla polypeptide ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu futhi lincike ohlotsheni efana ethize. I amaprotheni injalo oluhlanzekile, conformation ayo, kungabonwa uma ucabangela iqanda injalo iluhlaza. okusobala obukhulu mass colloidal Khanyisa-yellow, esemgwaqweni ngaphakathi isikhuphasha - ke kungukuqiniseka oyifunayo. Kungokufanayo kuthiwa mayelana non-fat cottage shizi, lo mkhiqizo futhi amaprotheni cishe okumsulwa injalo zemvelo.

Nokho, akubona bonke zezakhi kuncike babe isakhiwo esifanayo ngekwendzawo. Sekukonke kukhona izinhlangano ezine-molecule. Izinhlobo wamaprotheni izakhiwo kunqunywa impahla yayo futhi ukhulume eyinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo. Siyazi futhi ukuthi okuningi spatially molecule eyinkimbinkimbi ibhekane ukucutshungulwa azinabo kubantu nasezilwaneni.

Izinhlobo amaprotheni izakhiwo

Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezine. Cabanga ukuthi ziyini ngamunye wabo.

1. Primary. Kuyinto evamile komugqa ukulandelana amino acid exhumene ngu peptide izibopho. Ayikho esonta kwendawo, akukho Helix. Isibalo izixhumanisi kwangaphakathi kuya polypeptide kungenzeka kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Izinhlobo amaprotheni ne isakhiwo esifanayo - glitsilalanin, insulin, histone, mithambo ine-elastin, nabanye.
2. Secondary. Ubunjwe ngamaketanga amabili polypeptide okuyinto okokusonteka helically futhi kuthambekele ngomunye nomunye ematfuba kwakhiwa. Ngakho phakathi kwabo kwenzeka hydrogen izibopho awabambe ndawonye. kwakhiwa Ngakho is a amaprotheni ingqamuzana elilodwa. Amafomu yalolu hlobo namaprotheni ezilandelayo: i-lysozyme, pepsin nabanye.
3. conformation oluphezulu. Ingabe ezinabantu phama ubumbene eqoqwe ikhoyili isakhiwo yesibili. Lapha, kukhona ezinye izinhlobo nokuxhumana, ngaphezu hydrogen izibopho - lena van der Waals ukuxhumana kanye electrostatic Luhambo amabutho, contact hydrophilic-hydrophobic. Izibonelo izakhiwo - albumin, i fibroin kasilika amaprotheni nezinye.
4. Quaternary. Isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyinto amaketanga polypeptide ngaphezulu basonta ibe Kuvunguza, iphuma ibe ibhola futhi kuhlanganiswe ndawonye globule. Izibonelo ezifana insulini, ferritin, i-hemoglobin, i-collagen, ukufanekisa nje conformation ezinjalo namaprotheni.

Uma siyibheka njengelungile yonke imininingwane ukwakheka kwama-molecule kusukela iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, ukuhlaziya kuthatha isikhathi eside. Phela, eqinisweni, ayanda ukumisa, lo nzima futhi iyadida oyiyo, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kokusebenzisana ebonwe engqamuzaneni.

Denaturation wamaprotheni molecule

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu amakhemikhali izakhiwo polypeptides kuyinto ikhono lazo sokudiliza ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezithile noma ama-ejenti zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo okwandile ezahlukene amaprotheni denaturation. Kuyini lokhu inqubo? He is kubhujiswa lesi bomdabu amaprotheni isakhiwo. Okusho ukuthi, uma i-molecule ye yokuqala isakhiwo ephakeme, ngemva isenzo amanxusa ekhethekile liyobhujiswa. Nokho, ukulandelana acid acid izinsalela e-molecule ihleli kahle. amaprotheni Denatured ngokushesha ukulahlekelwa izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama futhi amakhemikhali.

Yini ejenti kungaholela inqubo nolokubhujiswa conformation? Kunezinhlobo eziningana.

1. Lokushisa. Lapho Ukushisa, a nokucekelwa kancane kancane quaternary, ephakeme, isakhiwo yesibili engqamuzaneni. Ngokubukeka, kungenzeka ukuba agcine, isibonelo, a ezivamile ukuthosa iqanda. I kwaphumela "amaprotheni" - isakhiwo eyinhloko-albumin polypeptide, okuyinto ubelokhu umkhiqizo ongahluziwe.
2. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo.
3. Isenzo eqinile chemical ejenti: acid, alkalis, nosawoti, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kumakhemikhali awuketshezi (isib alcohols, ethers, benzene, nabanye).

Le nqubo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-fusion-molecule. Izinhlobo denaturation amaprotheni kuxhomeke ejenti, isenzo zazo esenzeka ngawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwezinye izimo kukhona inqubo reverse ukuba siyicabangele. Lokhu renaturation. Akuwona wonke amaprotheni bayakwazi ukubuyisela emuva oyiyo, kodwa okuningi ungakwenza. Ngakho, osokhemisi kusukela e-Australia nase-United States baye iqalise renaturation of abilisiwe amaqanda inkukhu ngosizo lwamanye reagents kanye indlela centrifugation.

Le nqubo Kubalulekile eziphilayo e synthesis polypeptide ngamaketanga rRNA futhi ribosomes kumaseli.

Hydrolysis engqamuzaneni amaprotheni

Par ne denaturation amaprotheni nobuntu kwesinye isakhiwo chemical - hydrolysis. Lokhu kubuye lapho kubhujiswa lesi conformation bomdabu, kodwa hhayi isakhiwo primary, futhi ngokuphelele kuze kube acid ngabanye acid. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela ukugaya - the hydrolysis amaprotheni. Izinhlobo hydrolysis elandelayo polypeptides.

1. Chemical. Kususelwa isenzo acid noma alkalis.
2. Eziphilayo noma enzymatic.

Nokho, ngokuyisisekelo inqubo uhlala ingashintshiwe futhi akuxhomekile iziphi izinhlobo amaprotheni hydrolysis olwenziwa. Ngenxa yalokho amino acid akhiwa, okuyinto uthuthwa wonke amaseli, kwezitho nezicubu. ukuguqulwa yabo eminye kuhilela iqhaza synthesis polypeptides inoveli, has labo edingekayo umzimba ethize.

Ngo umkhakha, amaprotheni molecule hydrolysis inqubo esetshenziswa njengendlela isikhathi ukuthola oyifunayo amino acid.

Umsebenzi amaprotheni emzimbeni

Imihlobo ehlukeneko amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha yizici ezibalulekile ngenxa yokuphila evamile noma iyiphi iseli. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke umzimba. Ngakho, ngezindlela eziningi indima yabo alichaza ngezinga eliphezulu of ukubaluleka kanye ubiquity ngaphakathi eziphilayo. Kukhona imisebenzi eminingana eziyisisekelo yezinhlayiya polypeptide.

1. Catalytic. It wenziwa enzyme ukuthi abe uhlobo amaprotheni isakhiwo. Mayelana nabo bathi kamuva.
2. Ukwakheka. Izinhlobo amaprotheni nemisebenzi yabo emzimbeni ngokuyinhloko ezithinta isakhiwo iseli ngokwayo, injalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, polypeptides kule indima, yakha sezinwele, izinzipho, amagobolondo of mollusk inyoni izimpaphe. Ziyakwazi valve ezithile emzimbeni cell. Uqwanga futhi aqukethe lezi zinhlobo amaprotheni. Izibonelo: tubulin, yi-keratin, actin, nabanye.
3. Regulatory. Lesi sici kuzibonakalisa iqhaza polypeptides izinqubo ezifana umbhalo, ukuhumusha, iseli umjikelezo, splicing, mRNA nezinye ukufundwa. Bonke zidlala indima ebalulekile Regulator.
4. Esiginali. Lomsebenzi wenziwa amaprotheni esisogwini ulwelwesi cell. Bona adlulisele amasignali zahlukile esinye iyunithi kwenye, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni izicubu okuthunyelwe ndawonye. Izibonelo: cytokines, insulin, nezici ukukhula, nabanye.
5. Ezokuthutha. Ezinye izinhlobo amaprotheni nemisebenzi yabo abawenza, zimane esibalulekile. Lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, i-hemoglobin amaprotheni. Athwala umoya-mpilo ezokuthutha kusukela kwiseli uye kwenye egazini. ke lubaluleke abantu.
6. Ukukhishwa noma eyisipele. polypeptides enjalo ithola ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni deku oocytes amandla angeziwe namandla. Isibonelo - globulin.
7. Motor. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama namagciwane. Phela, nabo basuke bekwazi ukuthutha bayokhonza kuphela ngosizo flagella noma cilia. Futhi lezi organelles Okokuthola lutho like amaprotheni. Izibonelo polypeptides ezifana imi kanje: myosin, actin, kinesin, nabanye.

Kusobala ukuthi umsebenzi amaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ziningi kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa waphinda ukuthi ngaphandle uxhumano ayikwazi kubhekwe yithi, eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Umsebenzi zokuzivikela amaprotheni

Polypeptides ongavikela emathonyeni ezahlukene: zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba futhi yemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ethi cishe isidumbu sase kusongelwa njengoba igciwane noma igciwane nobunjalo angaphandle, immunoglobulin, ayisiza (amasosha omzimba) sondela them "lokulwa ', enza babe abavikeli.

Uma sikhuluma imiphumela engokomzimba, kukhona enkulu indima ukudlala, isibonelo, fibrin futhi fibrinogen behileleka okuyinto e igazi ekunqandeni.

amaprotheni ukudla

Izinhlobo amaprotheni wezokudla zimi kanje:

• egcwele - labo eziqukethe yonke amino acid kubalulekile;
• engaphelele - labo lapho kukhona ngokwengxenye acid acid kwengoma.

Nokho, ngenxa zomzimba womuntu zibalulekile nalabo nabanye. Ikakhulukazi iqembu lokuqala. Wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu (esakhula) kanye nesikhathi sokuthomba kumelwe silondoloze ezingeni njalo wamaprotheni ngokwako. Phela, thina usuvele embozwe imisebenzi ukuthi enze la mangqamuzana emangalisayo, futhi siyazi ukuthi cishe inqubo Akwenzekanga lutho kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kithi ngeke akwenze ngaphandle ukubanjwa kweqhaza polypeptides.

Yingakho udinga usuku ngalunye ukuze kudle imfuneko nsuku zonke amaprotheni, okuyinto equkethwe kule mikhiqizo:

• iqanda;
• ubisi;
• cottage shizi;
• inyama kanye nenhlanzi;
• ubhontshisi;
• kabhontshisi;
• ubhontshisi;
• amantongomane;
• kakolweni;
• oats;
• udali nezinye.

Uma kudle nsuku 0.6 g polypeptide ngayinye kg esisindo ke umuntu akasoze abe ukushoda lezi zakhi. Uma isikhathi eside umzimba ongawamukeli amaprotheni adingekayo, lesi sifo kwenzeka, a okuthiwa acid acid indlala. Lokhu kuholela iziyaluyalu ezinzima umzimba kanye, nezinye izifo eziningi ngenxa yalokho.

Amaprotheni iseli

Ngaphakathi, iyunithi kulencane isakhi zonke izinto eziphilayo - amaseli - futhi amaprotheni. Futhi bayakwenza cishe konke okungenhla ukusebenza. Ngokuyinhloko ukwakha amaseli cytoskeleton ehlanganisa microtubules, microfilaments. Usebenzela silondoloze ukuma, kanye ukuthutha phakathi organelles ngaphakathi. Ukuze amaprotheni amangqamuzana, kokubili iziteshi noma komzila, ukuhambisa ion ahlukahlukene, compounds.

I indima ebalulekile amaprotheni linamathele ulwelwesi kanye esisogwini ubuso bayo. Nampa, futhi yokwamukela nemisebenzi okuwuphawu abazenzi, iqhaza ekwakhiweni ulwelwesi ngokwalo. Laliqapha, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudlala indima zokuzivikela. Yiziphi izinhlobo namaprotheni iseli akunakubangelwa leli qembu? Kunezibonelo eziningi, sikunikeza ambalwa.

1. Actin futhi myosin.
2. Mithambo ine-elastin.
3. Yi-keratin.
4. Collagen.
5. Tubulin.
6. I-hemoglobin.
7. Insulin.
8. Transcobalamin.
9. Transferrin.
10. Albumin.

Kuzo zonke kunamakhulu ezahlukene izinhlobo amaprotheni, okuyinto njalo ezihambayo ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana ngalinye.

Izinhlobo namaprotheni emzimbeni

Ziyakwazi Yiqiniso, ezihlukahlukene omkhulu. Uma sizama ngandlela-thile uhlukanise zonke amaprotheni ekhona ngamaqembu, kungaguqula esigabeni enjalo.

1. amaprotheni Globular. Kuyinto labo abamelelwa yinhlabathi isakhiwo ephakeme, isb globule ezinabantu phama. Izibonelo izakhiwo zibala: immunoglobulin, ayisiza, iningi enzyme, ama-hormone amaningi.
2. amaprotheni Fibrillar. Mela wabadonsa sesigcilikisha kokuba efanele wesimethri ngekwendzawo. Leli qembu amaprotheni zihlanganisa isakhiwo zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, yi-keratin, collagen tropomyosin, fibrinogen.

Ngokuvamile, ungathatha njengesisekelo isethi izimfanelo ngokuhlelwa ngezigaba amaprotheni ekhona emzimbeni. Single ayikabi bikho okwamanje.

enzyme

yelikhono eziphilayo wamaprotheni semvelo, lokuyindlela isheshisa zonke ezenzeka izinqubo kwamakhemikhali. izingxoxo ezivamile izinto nje zingenzeki ngaphandle lezi zakhi. Zonke izinqubo of zamagama nokwaphuka, inhlangano lwama-molecule ukufanisana zabo, umbhalo kanye translation, kanye nomunye eyenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya nefomu ethize enzyme. Izibonelo la mangqamuzana zihlanganisa:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• catalase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase nabanye.

Namuhla, ama-enzyme ezisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini wokukhiqiza egeza izimpushana avame ukusetshenziswa okuthiwa enzyme - ukuthi kukhona yelikhono begazi. Babe ngcono ikhwalithi wokugeza ngaphansi kwezimo lokushisa ecacisiwe. Kulula ukuthi abophele ukungcola izinhlayiya futhi bawasuse ebusweni kwezicubu.

Nokho, ngenxa ubunjalo enzyme amaprotheni awukwazi ukubekezelela amanzi ashisayo kakhulu noma useduze ane-alikhali noma izidakamizwa ene-asidi. Ngempela, kulesi simo, inqubo denaturation kuzokwenzeka.