Izinga Asemphethweni wokumelana - kuyini? Izinga Asemphethweni wokumelana capital umsebenzi

Konke ukuphila kufanele akhethe. Phuma ukudansa noma ejimini, ukugqoka isiketi noma ibhulukwe (amadoda, yebo, ke kulula), ukuthenga yogurt noma cottage shizi dessert? Ukuze baye eside zonke lezi izinqubo waphawula Ochwepheshe kwimikhakha ehlukene: kwabantu, Psychology, ukumaketha kanye nje zezomnotho.

Ngo Microeconomics, kukhona inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinga abekelwe emaceleni of esikhundleni. Ngu definition, kuba ubuningi kwezimpahla yohlobo olufanayo, kusukela lapho umthengi evuma ukuba balahle esivuna ukuthengwa omunye umkhiqizo. Sikhuluma hhayi ngendlela yazo esabalele ngalokhu mkhuba.

Kungani Microeconomics?

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi "Microeconomics" ngesiGreki - imithetho kwezolimo "izindlu ezincane". izinkinga zokukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuzikhethela kwezinsiza amabhizinisi amafomu ubunikazi ezahlukene nendlu elula - okuyisihloko isithakazelo Microeconomics.

Lokhu isayensi theory, kodwa ikuvumela ukuba ukuchaza cishe zonke izinqubo zezomnotho ezenzeka emphakathini.

Izindawo ezisemqoka nesithakazelo abizwa ngokuthi Microeconomics:
• Inkinga umthengi.
• Inkinga kwabakhiqizi.
• Imibuzo emakethe zilingana.
• Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izimpahla zomphakathi.
• Imibuzo ithonya imvelo bangaphandle.

Umqondo "Izinga abekelwe emaceleni wokumelana basuke bengabangane bengcebo" libhekisela nje ngokuya ihogela izinkinga Microeconomics futhi kwenza kube lula ngempela ukuphendula imibuzo.

Umbuso theory

Theory kwezimpahla Umbuso uthi ukuthenga iyunithi umkhiqizo ngamunye, umthengi ihlangabezana nezidingo zabo. Ngakho, kuba okuncane bajabule kakhudlwana. Nezifiso bonke ochwepheshe emhlabeni ekugcineni okuhloswe ngazo ekwenzeni abantu bajabule.

Okwamanje, kuyilapho kukhona ezifana Umbuso theory: cardinal futhi eziphawula ukuthi okwesingaki. I yokuqala isikisela ukuthi uma Umbuso indawo ye ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla kungaba ngokoqobo ukubala. Lo mbono ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-theory ubuningi Umbuso. Abasekela lo mbono baveza ukuthi iwusizo ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo kukalwa amayunithi - Tinsita.

Okwesibili, ukuthi okwesingaki noma isihlobo Umbuso umbono, uveza ukuthi umthengi eqhathanisa izinzuzo (Umbuso) ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla nangosizo efanayo kusuka kwamanye ukusetshenziswa. ukukhuluma Cishe, isikhathi ngasinye ngokukhetha phakathi inkomishi yekhofi kanye Muffin kanye Cola nge-hamburger, sinqume ukuthi kuyoba usizo okwamanje. Ngaphansi kohlaka imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto kanye Umbuso uvele izinga abekelwe emaceleni of esikhundleni.

definition

Ezweni izama ukulinganisela. Uhla yethu imikhiqizo - iyathinteka. Ukuthenga into eyodwa, sizama ukuyeka omunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo siyaqiniseka ukuthi uthenge kuyoba kuwusizo kakhulu kunokulandela kwesokunxele eshalofini. Izinga Asemphethweni wokumelana imikhiqizo isinikeza ukuqonda indlela abanye "imikhiqizo" kubaluleke ngaphezu kwabanye. Yiqiniso, ngamunye wethu zabo okuthandwa siqu kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Kodwa lo mbono subjective asifanele emnothweni. Kudinga indlela generalized.

Izinga Asemphethweni wokumelana ilingana ushintsho isihlobo kwenani izimpahla yokuqothulwa. Formula kulotshiwe kanje: NKK = (y ₂ - y ₁₎ / (x ₂ - x _1).

Ukushintsha ukusetshenziswa (ukusetshenziswa) kwezimpahla X Y kusivumela ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana izintandokazi komthengi, kanye ukukhuluma mayelana ubukhulu inani lepahla. Isici kuphela lingalinganiswa imfundiso Ukukhetha umkhiqizo, kuyinto intengo yayo. Zonke ezinye izici umkhiqizo futhi izizathu zesinqumo yayo kukhona subjective kakhulu. Emzamweni wakhe esikhundleni into eyodwa ngomunye umsebenzisi uzama ukugcina izindleko zezimali ezingeni elifanayo. Elingcono - futhi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali.

ukunganaki ijika

Ukunganakwa Curves sifanekise amasethi ezahlukene izinzuzo ezicela ukuba umthengi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo thina uyasho ukuthi abathengi awubi nandaba nokuthi umkhiqizo ukukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kumelwe ukhethe phakathi apula namawolintshi, ezokuthutha zomphakathi noma imizila kwezohwebo. On inani enama-asi izimpahla kuqhathaniswa (X-axis, isibonelo, inkomishi yetiye, futhi-y-eksisi - amakhukhi) uboniswa indiza.

Kepha ekupheleni ijika, sibona ncamashi kusuka apula amaningi indlela ukulungele ukunikeza umthengi kuzuze ukuthenga eyodwa orange owengeziwe. Futhi okuphambene nalokho. Esimeni lapho lwemali ngamunye ngokulingana ewusizo lapho uthenga izimpahla efanayo, ukukhuluma mayelana nokukhulisa Umbuso nokusatshalaliswa okunengqondo isabelomali umthengi, t. E. Kufikwe izinga abekelwe emaceleni of esikhundleni. okuqhubekayo umthengi ekuthathweni inqubo yokuthenga basikisela ukuthi, uma inani esingaphansi izindleko 1 apula 1 orange, umthengi ekhetha i apula.

Imfundiso jikelele ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo

Ukunganakwa Curves ngokuvamile libonise alinganayo Umbuso onganakiwe. Kodwa uqaphele ukuthi esimweni lapho Umbuso indawo abekelwe emaceleni lezimpahla X kabili intengo, kodwa izimpahla ube - kathathu. Umthengi uya ukuthenga izimpahla ezivela, ngisho ngaphandle kokunaka yokuthi kuyabiza.

Lokhu kuzodala uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha isabelomali Imininingwane, t. Ukuze. Izindleko izimpahla kumele kwenyuke. Izinga Asemphethweni Umbuso kulokhu ibangelwa "umphumela rationalism" abathengi abafuna uthole inzuzo esiphezulu kusukela ukuthenga. Umthengi okunengqondo njalo ihlola isimo samanje emakethe futhi redistributes isiqondiso imali.

ezithile Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni

Ngo ezomnotho ukuhlukanisa okubizwa ngokuthi izimpahla abavamile, imikhiqizo esikhundleni futhi umphelelisi izimpahla. Eyokuqala - ngokwengxenye imikhiqizo substitutable (amanzi kanye izithelo compote), owesibili - esikhundleni ngokuphelele nomunye ( "Coca-Cola" futhi "Pepsi-Cola") kanye nabanye - imikhiqizo ephelelisanayo (obungangenhloko kakhanjana ipeni uyiphine).

Ngoba zonke izimo ezichazwe, kungenisa inzuzo encane izinga esikhundleni iyimfihlo (okukhethekile) icala. Ngakho, ngokuvamile, ijika nge emthambekeni engemihle futhi ekuqaleni ayizindunduma bubheke izimbazo ke esikhundleni igrafu kuba umugqa oqondile intersecting izimbazo. Emthambekeni lokhu umugqa oqondile luncike intengo izimpahla, kuyilapho degree of concavity we ijika kunqunywa kungenzeka esikhundleni ezinye into eyodwa.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ukukhiqizwa futhi ngesilinganiso esikhundleni

Njengoba ezizimele, amabhizinisi, osomnotho ozama ukulandelela Umbuso uthenge futhi kudliwe imithombo. Kulokhu, lo kubalwa nokukhawulela ngesilinganiso esikhundleni lobuchwepheshe. Ngokungafani izimpahla emakethe umthengi, amabhizinisi ukulandelela izinguquko isici zokukhiqiza ukwandisa (ukwehla) kwesinye. Okuvumelekile izenzo ivolumu okukhipha - kufanele zihlala zinjalo.

Okuvame kakhulu inkomba - izinga abekelwe emaceleni wokumelana capital umsebenzi. Ungakwazi ukutshala emsebenzini wokukhiqiza imali eyengeziwe, ngaphandle kokunaka izinguquko labour. Kodwa kulokhu uthi ngesikhathi esithile ukuza ukukhiqizwa encishisiwe, t. K. Ukuze sihlale ijika efanayo yokunganakwa, okungasisiza senze lokhu kumelwe ukwandisa isinxephezelo ukwehla khona ngokulimaza enye. Leso simo kuphambene ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo oseceleni kwekhasi. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani kufanele kunzima ukulinganisela phakathi zezici zokukhiqiza.

Izinga Asemphethweni wokumelana yezici zokukhiqiza - inkomba ukhiye sokubalwa nekusebenta kwezomnotho wamabhizinisi.

kanjani Umbuso indawo eziseceleni nemibhalo ngesilinganiso esikhundleni?

Yiqiniso, zonke inzuzo umkhiqizo. Kufika iphuzu elithile ngamunye iyunithi ngokulandelana kwezimpahla futhi uletha izinzuzo ezengeziwe. Kodwa esikhathini esithile kungcono umthamo ukusetshenziswa okuthile umuntu ayisekho ewusizo. Khona-ke sikhuluma ukufinyelela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni kwezimpahla.

Uma nihlala ku okufanayo nandaba ijika bese umuse ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, bese sikwazi ukukhuluma isinxephezelo imikhiqizo ishayise: ukusetshenziswa engezansi eyodwa kuholela nokwanda ukusetshenziswa kwenye; Umbuso Imininingwane aliguquki. Umbuso engeziwe zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni komkhiqizo ngamunye. Ifomula kulotshiwe kanje: NKK = PY / px.

Izakhiwo izinga abekelwe emaceleni wokumelana

• Inkomba izinga abekelwe emaceleni wokumelana - isilinganiso Izinsiza abekelwe emaceleni izimpahla ezimbili.

• Inani engakhi izinga abekelwe emaceleni wokumelana kusho ukuthi ukwehla ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo kubangela ngokuzenzakalela ukwanda ukusetshenziswa kwenye.

• Reserve ngesilinganiso esikhundleni kubhekwa kuphela uma kufika ezihambayo phansi ijika yokunganakwa.

• Konke okungenhla is "ukusebenza" kuphela amacala jikelele (ingxenye imikhiqizo nezilandiso); ngoba zonke izinketho yangasese, lesi sici akubhekwa.