Izilwane enhlabathini. Izakhamuzi inhlabathi futhi lithathelwe yabo imvelo

Iplanethi yethu kwakhiwa amagobolondo ezine eziyinhloko: emkhathini, hydrosphere, uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye lithosphere. Bonke eduze oxhumene njengoba abameleli biospheric emhlabeni emgodleni - izilwane, izitshalo, angenziwa - akekho kungaba ngaphandle obumba izinto ezifana namanzi ne-oksijini.

Kanye lithosphere, ikhava inhlabathi kanye nezinye izingqimba ezijulile, awukwazi sodvwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi asikwazi usibone ngeso lenyama, inhlabathi elinezindawo ezinabantu kakhulu. Yikuphi izidalwa kuphela abahlala kuwo akaphili! Njenganoma yimuphi eziphilayo, futhi kudingeka amanzi kanye nomoya.

Ngutiphi tilwane enhlabathini? Kubathinta kanjani lasungulwa futhi kanjani ukuzivumelanisa kule ndawo? On mibuzo neminye silinga ukuphendula kule athikili.

Yiziphi inhlabathi?

Soil - kuyinto kuphela elingaphezulu, ungqimba engajulile kakhulu akha lesi lithosphere. Ukujula kwawo uya emhlabeni 1-1.5 m. Bese iqala ungqimba ehluke ngokuphelele lapho ukugeleza komhlaba.

Okungukuthi, abangabantwana engenhla ungqimba evundile inhlabathi - siyindawo ehlala kakhulu ezakheke ehlukahlukene, osayizi kanye nezindlela eziphilayo ukudla izitshalo. Inhlabathi indawo yemvelo izilwane unothile kakhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene.

Le ngxenye isakhi lithosphere kuyahlukahluka. Kumiswa ungqimba inhlabathi kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi, ngokuyinhloko izimo kuma imvelo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo umhlabathi (inhlabathi) kwehluke:

1. Podzolic futhi wapheka-podzolic.
2. Black emhlabeni.
3. Wapheka.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-bog.
6. Malts.
7. Kwemfunda.
8. Salt emaxhaphozini.
9. Mpunga ihlathi-asemaqeleni.
10. Salt ikhotha.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kutholwa kuphela endaweni yeRussia. Kwamanye amazwe, amazwekazi, izingxenye zomhlaba kunezinye izinhlobo nenhlabathi (isihlabathi, ubumba, emathafeni arctic, humus, nokunye).

Futhi, zonke kwenhlabathi ziyehluka Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, umswakama nomoya ukugcwaliswa. Lezi zinkomba kuzohluka futhi ancike lezimo eziningana (isibonelo, ithinta izilwane emhlabathini, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi).

kanjani enhlabathini bese ngubani kuyabasiza kule?

Umsuka inhlabathi ukuhola kusukela ukubukeka eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Kuyinto kumiswa izinhlelo ophilayo futhi waqala kancane, ukwakheka okuqhubekayo kanye self-okuvuselela inhlabathi substrates.

Ngokusekelwe lokhu kube sobala, izinto eziphilayo zinendima inhlabathi kumiswa. Kuyini lokhu? Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu indima kukhawulwe ukucutshungulwa izinto eziphilayo equkethwe enhlabathini, nokunonophala yayo oluxube amaminerali. Kuphinde futhi kube ziba ngcono futhi bathuthukise aeration. Kuhle kakhulu ngakho ku 1763 wabhala M. V Lomonosov. Nguye wayengowokuqala ukusikisela isitatimende Owadala inhlabathi ngenxa kokufa eziphilayo.

Ngaphezu imisebenzi eyenziwa izilwane nezitshalo inhlabathi phezu, isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukwakheka inhlabathi uyidwala. Kuyinto kusukela izinhlobo zawo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ohlotsheni inhlabathi.

Nazo zinendima ethile futhi izici abiotic :

• ukukhanya;
• umswakama;
• lokushisa.

Ngenxa yalokho, namadwala kusetshenzwe ngaphansi kwethonya izici abiotic nezinto ezincane eziphilayo abahlala inhlabathi ukubola izilwane nezitshalo uhlala, ukuguqulela izinto eziphilayo e-amaminerali. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba ungqimba ezithile enhlabathini evundile hlobo. Kulokhu, izilwane ezihlala ngaphansi komhlabathi (isib, izimpethu, nematodes, amavukuzi) ahlinzeke aeration yayo, okungukuthi, umoya-mpilo saturation. Lokhu kufezwa ngokushintsha ziba ngcono nokucubungula okuqhubekayo izinhlayiya inhlabathi.

Izilwane kanye nezitshalo ndawonye ukunikeza inhlabathi udaba eziphilayo. Ezincane, lenyama, bese unicellular isikhunta ulwelwe impahla icutshungulwe futhi iguqulwe ibe ifomu oyifunayo izakhi yezimbiwa. Worms, nematodes kanye nezinye izilwane futhi idlule izinhlayiya inhlabathi, kanjalo azakhele Umanyolo eziphilayo - Vermicompost.

Isiphetho wukuthi nenhlabathi akhiwa amatshe ngenxa isikhathi eside zomlando isikhathi ngaphansi kwethonya izici abiotic nosizo anikezwa izilwane kanye nezitshalo ezihlala kuzo.

Inhlabathi ezweni elingabonakali

A indima enkulu hhayi kuphela kumiswa inhlabathi, kodwa futhi impilo yabo bonke abanye izidalwa eziphilayo ukudlala zilwanyana ezincane ukuthi bakha umhlaba wonke ongabonakali kwenhlabathi. Ubani ihlanganisani?

Okokuqala, ulwelwe owumphumela nesikhunta. Amakhowe bungabonakala Chytridiomycetes neminyango, Deuteromycetes futhi abanye abameleli Zygomycetes. Seaweed Kumele kuqashelwe fitoedafonov emelela ulwelwe oluluhlaza kanye oluluhlaza. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto lezi zidalwa ku 1 ehektheleni inhlabathi mayelana 3100 kg.

Okwesibili, eziningi ezincane-eziphilayo, amagciwane kanye lezi zilwane emhlabathini, njengoba elula. Ungqimba ingqikithi izinhlelo ophilayo ku 1 ha inhlabathi imayelana 3100 kg. Iqhaza main eziphilayo owumphumela kuyehla kube lokucutshungulwa yokubola izinsalela organic yezitshalo nezilwane imvelaphi.

Okuvame kakhulu kulezi eziphilayo zihlanganisa:

• rotifers;
• izibungu;
• amoeba;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• ulwelwe oluluhlaza;
• green algae unicellular.

Ngutiphi tilwane enhlabathini?

Ukuze abakhileyo ezingenamgogodla kwenhlabathi lokhu okulandelayo:

1. ezinamagobolondo (Crustacea) - mayelana 40 kg / ha
2. Izinambuzane kanye izibungu zabo - 1,000 kg / ha
3. Nematodes kanye roundworms - 550 kg / ha
4. Iminenke kanye slugs - 40 kg / ha

izilwane ezinjalo ezihlala enhlabathini, abaluleke kakhulu. Inani labo kunqunywa ikhono adlule izigaxa inhlabathi futhi bazogcwalisa nabo izinto eziningi eziphilayo, ukwakha Vermicompost. indima yabo iwukuba ziba ngcono umhlabathi, ekuthuthukiseni ukugcwaliswa umoya-mpilo futhi ukudala voids zazo zigcwele umoya namanzi, kanjalo ngcono izinga kanye nenzalo elingenhla phansi ungqimba.

Cabanga ngalokho izilwane emhlabathini. Abakwazi ihlukaniswe ezimbili izinhlobo:

• izakhamuzi zaphakade;
• ophilayo okwesikhashana.

Ukuze izakhamuzi zaphakade ezincelisayo yezilwane ezinomgogodla, emelela emhlabeni isilwane zenhlabathi, kukhona amagundane imvukuzane, izimvukuzane imvukuzane, zokor futhi amavukuzi marsupial. ukubaluleka yabo iwukuhlale ukunikezela ngamaketanga, ngoba ayegcwele inhlabathi izinambuzane, iminenke, clams, slugs, nokunye. Futhi ncazelo yesibili - Omba amavesi eside futhi emazombezombe, lokhu kuvumela inhlabathhi wetted futhi ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo.

Izakhamuzi Zesikhashana, emelela nezilwane ezihlukahlukene zenhlabathi, usebenzisa kuphela ukuze libe yisiphephelo emfushane, njengoba umthetho, njengoba indawo walala izibungu zabo futhi isitoreji. Lezi zilwane zihlanganisa:

• jerboa;
• izingwejeje;
• izimbila;
• mabhungane;
• amaphela;
• nezinye namagundane.

Eziguquliwe zezakhamuzi inhlabathi

Ukuze siphile endaweni enzima kangaka, inhlabathi, izilwane kumele babe eziningi ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Ngemva kwakho konke ubunjalo bomzimba medium awugqinsi, ezinzima futhi malokislorodnaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nhlobo ukukhanya, nakuba kukhona esesilinganisweni yamanzi. Ngokwemvelo, udinga ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinjalo.

Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezihlala enhlabathini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ngokuhamba izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo) ngiye ngazuza izici ezilandelayo:

• osayizi esihle kakhulu ukugcwalisa izikhala ezincane phakathi inhlabathi izinhlayiya ngokwabo kukhona nokuzwakala ukhululekile (amagciwane, lenyama, ama-bacterium, rotifers, ezinamagobolondo);
• umzimba nezimo futhi ezicutshini enamandla kakhulu - Kuzuze ukunyakaza enhlabathini (futhi ihlukene round worm);
• ikhono athole umoya-mpilo ziyoncibilika emanzini noma ukuphefumula kuyo ebusweni umzimba (amagciwane, nematodes);
• umjikelezo wokuphila ehlanganisa esigabeni elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu, ngesikhathi edinga futhi ukukhanya noma umswakama, nangendaba yamandla (izibungu isinambuzane, mabhungane ahlukahlukene);
• izilwane ezinkudlwana babe ezincwadini ngesimo nemilenze enamandla burrowing nge izimpiko eqinile yenza kubelula wafohla Imigudu eside futhi emazombezombe komhlaba (amavukuzi, shrews, izimbila nokunye);
• e ezincelisayo iyakhiwa kahle lokuhogela kodwa umbono cishe lingekho (amavukuzi zokor, amagundane imvukuzane, spepushonki);
• komzimba ovikelekile, elicinene, onomfutho, nge tight-kufaneleka iDemo noboya eqinile.

Zonke lezi amadivaysi ukudala izimo ezikahle ukuze izilwane emhlabathini uzizwe azizimbi kunalawo ezihlala imvelo phansi emoyeni, futhi mhlawumbe kangcono kakhulu.

Indima amaqembu ezemvelo inhlabathi abakhileyo ngokwemvelo

The main amaqembu ezemvelo zezakhamuzi inhlabathi kubhekwe ukuba:

1. Geobionty. Abamele leli qembu - yizilwane okuyiwona inhlabathi indawo yokuhlala unomphela. Lenza yonke yokuphila umjikelezo yabo ngokuhlanganyela izinqubo ezibalulekile eziyisisekelo. Izibonelo: nemisundu eminingi, mnogohvostki, waphansi, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izilwane okuyiwona substrate umhlabathi ngibopha ngesikhathi omunye izigaba zokuphila yayo umjikelezo. Ngokwesibonelo: the iziphungumangathi izinambuzane, izinkumbi mabhungane eziningi, weevils, omiyane.
3. Geox. iqembu Environmental izilwane lapho inhlabathi - amatende esikhashana, indawo yokucasha, endaweni nokubeka futhi zizalela. Izibonelo: mabhungane abaningi, izinambuzane, zonke izilwane burrowing.

Iqoqo zonke izilwane eqenjini ngalinye kuyingxenye ebalulekile jikelele supply chain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lazo uphile inquma izinga kwenhlabathi, samoobnovlyaemost yabo nenzalo. Ngakho-ke, indima yabo ibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kuleli zwe lanamuhla, lapho ezolimo kubangela inhlabathi sikhule abampofu, leached futhi salting aphume ngaphansi kwethonya umquba zamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane yokubulala ukhula. Izilwane inhlabathi neqhaza ngaphezulu ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo futhi engokwemvelo ungqimba evundile ngemva kokuhlaselwa okunzima mechanical futhi amakhemikhali phezu ingxenye yomuntu.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane kanye nomhlabathi

Akukona nje kuphela izilwane zenhlabathi oxhumene ukwakha biocenosis ezivamile nge zinamanzi ngamaketanga futhi niches emvelweni. Empeleni, zonke ezikhona izitshalo, izilwane kanye amagciwane abathintekayo kulo mbuthano efanayo ekuphileni. Noma kunjalo, njengoba iphathelene zonke izindawo. Nasi isibonelo esilula ukuze sicacise lokhu ubuhlobo.

Utshani izimfunda kanye zikhala ukudla ezihlala ezweni. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, angaba umthombo ukudla ezidla ezinye. Izinsalela utshani organic izinto lezi zinkulumo zisuselwa imfucumfucu yazo zonke izilwane, enhlabathini. Lapha, i-imbangela nezilwanyana ezincane wamukela nezinambuzane, okuyizinto detritus. Bonke izinsalela ukubola futhi iguqulwe ibe amaminerali, efanelekayo ukumuncwa yizimila. Ngakho, izitshalo ukuthola izingxenye zohlelo yabo ezidingekile ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka.

Ngo nenhlabathi kakhulu kule amagciwane nezinambuzane, rotifers, mabhungane, izibungu, izimpethu, kanye nokunye zibe ngukudla nomunye, futhi ngenxa yalokho ingxenye jikelele lonke emapayipini.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi izilwane ezihlala enhlabathini, futhi izitshalo ezihlala phezu, abe iphuzu ezivamile yemigwaqo, futhi nihlanganyele ukwakha ngokuvumelana olulodwa jikelele namandla emvelo.

nenhlabathi Kubi futhi izakhamuzi zakhona

Ngokuthi enhlabathini abampofu, esho ngokuphindaphindiwe sembulwa indoda. Ukwakhiwa, yokutshala izimila, amanzi, umhlaba sokufunwa - konke lokhu kugcina kubangele ukuba phansi kwenhlabathi. Yini abakhileyo athile ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo? Ngeshwa, ababaningi. Ekhuthazelayo kakhulu izakhamuzi komhlaba amabhaktheriya esifo, abanye protozoan, izinambuzane kanye izibungu zabo. Ezincelisayo, izimpethu, nematodes, izinkumbi izicabucabu, ezinamagobolondo kulezi nenhlabathi ngeke siphile, ngakho befa noma ushiye.

Futhi ubheke enhlabathini abampofu, lapho okuqukethwe ongaphakeme izinto eziningi eziphilayo nokumbiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuguquguquka Sands. Lena indawo ekhethekile lapho izinto eziphilayo ezithile ukuphila namadivayisi wabo. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, nenhlabathi kakhulu esidi nosawoti aqukethe izakhamuzi ezithile kuphela.

Lolu cwaningo kwezilwane inhlabathi esikoleni

School emayelana nezilwane Yiqiniso engabondli abakubo ekutadisheni izilwane inhlabathi isifundo ehlukile. Ngokuvamile, kungcono nje umbono, ngokomongo ingqikithi.

Nokho, isikole sabaqalayo kukhona into okuthiwa "izwe ngaphandle". Izilwane enhlabathini kufundvwe ngaphakathi kohlaka ngale ndaba ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwenzeka. Ulwazi uvezwa ngokuvumelana engu-izingane. Izingane ukhulume ukwehluka, indima ngokwemvelo futhi umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho, eyadlalwa izilwane emhlabathini. 3 ukuqeqeshwa ekilasini - ofanele kakhulu kulonyaka. Izingane abafundile ngokwanele ukuthi angafunda abanye amagama, futhi ngaleyo ndlela babe ukoma enkulu khona ulwazi, ulwazi indawo, ukutadisha imvelo nabakhileyo kuwo.

Into esemqoka ukwenza izifundo ezithakazelisayo, okungezona ezijwayelekile, kanye ulwazi, bese izingane ngeke uzibixe ulwazi efana isiponji, kuhlanganise nabafana abangaba ngu abakhileyo imvelo inhlabathi.

Izibonelo izilwane ezihlala imvelo inhlabathi

Kungaholela uhlu olufushane, okutshengisa main inhlabathi izakhamuzi. Yiqiniso, ukwenza kube ephelele ayaphela, ngokuba kukhona abaningi kangaka! Nokho, laba bameleli main uzame ukubiza.

Izilwane inhlabathi - uhlu:

• rotifers, izibungu, amagciwane, lenyama, kanye ezinamagobolondo;
• izicabucabu, izintethe izinambuzane, mabhungane, millipedes, woodlice, slugs, iminenke;
• nemisundu eminingi, nematodes kanye nezinye roundworms;
• Kanti izinsumpa, amagundane imvukuzane, izimvukuzane imvukuzane, zokor;
• jerboa, gophers, izimbila, amagundane, chipmunks.