I ibonisa ukukhanya. Umthetho reflection yokukhanya. kuveza Ubude yokukhanya

Ezinye imithetho physics Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle kusetshenziswe izinsiza-kufundisa. Lokhu akusebenzi kuzo zonke ukukhanya evamile ehlela phezu lezinto ezingafaniko. Ngakho emngceleni esasihlukanisa abezindaba ezimbili, kukhona ushintsho isiqondiso imisebe yokukhanya, uma lo mkhawulo mkhulu kakhulu kunaleyo wavelength. Lapho lokhu kubonakale ukukhanya kwenzeka uma ingxenye bamandla alo emuva ku-medium kuqala. Uma ingxenye imisebe ukungena endaweni ezahlukene, kuba kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yabo. Ngo-physics, ukugeleza ukukhanya sigameko amandla emngceleni ophakathi abezindaba ezimbili ezihlukene, ngokuthi lesi sigameko, kodwa lowo oza emuva ukusuka kuye imvelo yokuqala - kubonakala. Kuyinto isikhundla isihlobo yalezi imisebe ichaza imithetho ukucabangisisa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya.

Imibandela

I-engeli phakathi ugongolo komphumela umugqa perpendicular esibonakalayo abezindaba ezimbili, ukusakaza livuke iphuzu kwesifo amandla okukhanya libizwa engela kwesifo. Kunenye kuyinkomba ebaluleke. Lokhu engela reflection. Kwenzeka phakathi ray kubonakala kanye umugqa perpendicular, sehliselwe waso kwesifo. Kuthiwa ukukhanya asakaze emgceni locondzile kuphela endaweni eyohlobo. abezindaba ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuncela nokubonakalisa ekushayweni ukukhanya. reflectance ukubaluleka ukubizwa ngokuthi ngazo reflectivity material. Ibonisa indlela eyingozi ngayo wakho ngokulandelayo kuningi ukukhanya alethwe amandla kobuso naphakathi kuyoba yilowo ongeke amthathe kusukela emisebeni kubonakala. Lesi isilinganiso kuncike ezicini eziningana, phakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi engela kwesifo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo emisebeni. kuveza Ubude yokukhanya kwenzeka uma ushaya into noma unesimo surface lembhali. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kwenzeka lapho hit imisebe ku ifilimu ezondile mercury liquid esiliva imali kwi ingilazi. kuveza Ubude yokukhanya umkhuba kwenzeka kaningi.

imithetho

Imithetho ukucabangisisa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya abangu owasungulwa Euclid namanje ekhulwini III. BC. e. Bonke sezisunguliwe Ucwaningo futhi baqinisekisa kalula ngumuntu isimiso luyingxenye Jomethri ye Huygens. Ngokusho leli phuzu ngokungadingekile medium lapho kufika perturbation limelela umthombo amagagasi yesibili.

Umthetho wokuqala wokuzindla yokukhanya: isehlakalo nokuzindla uvumelanise futhi umugqa perpendicular umngcele phakathi kwabezindaba kwatholakala iphuzu kwesifo ugongolo ukukhanya ahlelwe indiza eyodwa. On the sibonakalisa indiza ebusweni igagasi, ebusweni wave okuyizinto emapheshana.

Omunye umthetho uthi engela reflection lilingana engela kwesifo ukukhanya. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi banayo izinkomba Okusizayo perpendicular. Ngokusekelwe esimisweni of nokulingana onxantathu, kusobala ukuthi le engela kwesifo lilingana engela reflection. Kulula ukubonisa ukuthi lokho abakusho amanga indiza efanayo perpendicular umugqa, walulama ngu esibonakalayo abezindaba endaweni kwesifo. Le mithetho ezibalulekile ubambe okukhanyisa reverse. Ngenxa reversibility we lokusakaza amandla ugongolo endleleni reflection, kuyobonakala endleleni ngalesi sigameko.

Izakhiwo sibonakalisa emizimbeni

Iningi izinto ezibonisa kuphela ugongolo sigameko ukukhanya phezu kwabo. Nokho, awayona emthonjeni wokukhanya. Nokho umzimba elikhanyayo kuyabonakala bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, njengoba kubonakala emisebeni ebusweni futhi wahlakaza bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ubizwa ngokuthi ehlasela umzimba (zihlakazeke) kuveza. Kwenzeka lapho ukukhanya oku iyiphi indawo anolaka. Ukuze sithole indlela ugongolo kubonakala nomzimba lapho indiza yayo Kuvamisile ukuthi kwenziwe mayelana ebusweni. Khona-ke, mayelana isakhiwo ke angles ka kwesifo nekucabangisisa.

reflectance ngokukhukhumala kwentamo

Kuphela sibonga ukuba khona ehlakazekile (ehlasela umzimba) kukhombisa amandla okukhanya, thina ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ukuthi abakwazi likhipha ukukhanya. Noma yimuphi umzimba kuyoba engabonakali ngokuphelele kithi, uma ukuhlakazeka imisebe kuyoba zero.

kuveza ehlasela umzimba yamandla okukhanya akusho ibakhathaze womuntu emehlweni. Lokhu kubangelwa khona neqiniso lokuthi akuyona yonke ukukhanya ebuyiselwa imvelo yokuqala. Ngakho iqhwa ibonisa mayelana 85% of the imisebe eyingozi evela iphepha elimhlophe - 75%, kanye black Suede -% 0.5 kuphela. Lapho ukukhanya kubonakala kusukela ezahlukene evele anolaka imishayo baqondiswa ngezikhathi maqondana omunye komunye. Kuye ngezinga elingakanani evele ezibonisa imisebe yokukhanya abizwa ngokuthi matt noma esibukweni. Noma kunjalo, imiqondo lawa isihlobo. Ebusweni zingase specular futhi matte at banemibono engafani isigameko ukukhanya. Okusobala ukuthi ngokulinganayo ukuze baxoshe imishayo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, kubhekwa ngokuphelele matte. Nakuba nesimo salezi izinto kukhona okuncane, siseduzane kakhulu unglazed zobumba, iqhwa, ukudweba ephepheni.

kuveza specular

Specular kubonakala imishayo ukukhanya ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ukuthi imishayo ekwindla amandla ku- surface bushelelezi engela predetermined ziyabonakala kwelinye direction. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ejwayelene bonke ngubani owake wayithanda esibukweni imisebe yokukhanya. Kulokhu kuba ebusweni khomba. Ukuze lesi sigaba wona angakaJehova, kanye neminye imigwamanda. Ukuze silingise (khomba) evele zihlanganisa zonke izinto optically bushelelezi uma izilinganiso inhomogeneities futhi asperities kubo angaphansi kuka 1 Micron (singadluli ubukhulu wavelength ukukhanya). Ukuze zonke evele enjalo avumelekile imithetho ukukhanya.

Ukukhanya kusuka ezahlukene Ukubukisa evele

Ubuciko livame ukusebenzisa esibukweni lwalugobile nge surface sibonakalisa (izibuko eyindilinga). izinto ezinjalo emizimbeni kokuba esime a ingxenye eyindilinga. Impindamqondo wale misebe uma kukhombisa ukukhanya okuvela evele enjalo uphazamiseke kakhulu. Kulokhu, kunezinhlobo ezimbili izibuko:

• ngilugweda - zibonakalisa ukukhanya ebusweni engaphakathi ingxenye eyindilinga, ukubizwa ngokuthi lokuqoqa, kusukela parallel ukukhanya imishayo emva reflection yibo ziqoqwa ngesinye isikhathi;

• ayizindunduma - ziveza ukukhanya kusukela ebusweni elingaphandle, imishayo parallel ahlakazekile ukuba ezinhlangothini, esibukweni ayizindunduma is kangaka okuthiwa kusakazeka.

Izinketho ibonisa imisebe yokukhanya

Beam sigameko cishe zifana kuya ebusweni, nje kancane omthintayo, bese lokhu kuvezwa kakhulu engela obtuse. Khona-ke uyaqhubeka indlela nganoma trajectory aphansi kakhulu elitholakala Ubuningi bamahora kwamanzi. Beam sigameko cishe thwi kubonakala engela oyingozi. I isiqondiso ugongolo kubonakala isivele eduze indlela ugongolo sigameko, oluthobelana ngokugcwele imithetho yemvelo.

kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya

Yokuzindla ihlobene eduze nezinye izenzakalo of yokukhanya yejeyomethri, ezifana kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona reflection Imininingwane yangaphakathi. Ngokuvamile, ukukhanya sidlula umngcele phakathi kwabezindaba ezimbili. I kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya iyona ushintsho isiqondiso emisebeni optical. Kwenzeka lapho ke isuka komunye naphakathi kwenye. Kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya has amaphethini ezimbili:

• ugodo edabula umngcele phakathi kwabezindaba, iseningizimu indiza lapho sidlula perpendicular surface kanye ugongolo isehlakalo;

• engela kwesifo kanye kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona kuxhumene.

Kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana reflection yokukhanya. Inani imishayo amandla kubonakala futhi refracted ray kuyinto sigameko ugongolo amandla. umfutho wabo isihlobo incike nokwehlukana ukukhanya e ugongolo komphumela engela sigameko. On imithetho kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yokukhanya idivayisi okususelwa kumadivayisi amaningi we-optical.