Izikhulu kanye principalities ka Rus lasendulo esikhathini yalokhu kuhlukana

Ngemva kokufa iSikhulu Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo e 1054 eRussia uqalile inqubo ukuwohloka ngaphambi isimo esisodwa. izenzakalo ezifanayo senzeka esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuthambekela jikelele we izinduna Ephakathi. Kancane kancane, Russia sehlukaniswe eziningana de empeleni waba principalities ezimele amasiko ezivamile, isiko kanye Rurik lwamakhosi. Saqala ngo-1132, lapho efa Mstislav Veliky ukubaluleka kwezwe. Lokho usuku kokuqala mlando yokugcina ukholelwa ukuthi kwehlukana bezepolitiki. Kuleli zinga, Russia waqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XIII, uma uhlangabezane ayehlasela amabutho Mongol-Tatar.

Kiev umhlaba

Kule minyaka edlule, i-ubukhulu of Russia lasendulo zazihlukaniswe, ahlanganisiwe, ukushintsha imithetho amagatsha we Rurik lwamakhosi , nokunye. D. Nokho, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene ukudideka yalezi zenzakalo, zikhona izingxenye eziningana key, okuyinto wadlala indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke empilweni yezwe. Ngisho ngemva kokuwa langempela de jure lalibhekwa SeSikhulu senior Kiev.

Ukulawula "unina amadolobha Russian" bazama ukwenza ezihlukahlukene ababusi ethize. Ngakho-ke, uma fiefdoms Russia lasendulo beyiba lwamakhosi wezulu, Kiev avame lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye. Ngemva kokufa Mstislav Vladimirovich e 1132 edolobheni waba kafushane impahla Chernigov Rurik. It akazange ivumelane namanye amalungu lwamakhosi. Ngenxa izimpi eyalandela Kiev wayeka ukulawula lokuqala Pereyaslav, Turov futhi uVladimir-naseVolyn ubukhulu, bese (e 1169) futhi ngaso sonke laphangwa ibutho Andreya Bogolyubskogo futhi ekugcineni saphuthelwa ukubaluleka zaso zezombangazwe.

Chernihiv

Fiefdoms Russia lasendulo ezweni Chernigov wozalo luka of Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Bona Kwase kuyisikhathi eside ngilithanda buphikisana Kiev. Chernihiv lwamakhosi amashumi eminyaka ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba kwamagatsha amabili: inzalo ka-Oleg futhi Davidovich. Nge esizukulwaneni ngasinye iphutha amasha fiefdoms, chips Chernigov (Sivers'k-Novgorod, Bryanskoye, Kurskoe futhi t. D.).

Umbusi kunazo yesiteleka yalesi sifunda mlando zikholelwa Svyatoslava Olgovicha. Wayengumuntu sizana Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Nge edilini yabo azihlanganisa eMoscow ngo 1147 ke uqala waqinisekisa zemihla umlando inhlokodolobha Russian. Lapho Duchy of Russia lasendulo zimunye ekulweni amaMongol uvele empumalanga, ababusi ethize Chernigov emazweni enziwe lonke Ruric futhi anqotshwa eMfuleni Kalka. Invasion asemaqeleni okukuthinte ngayo hhayi konke ukubusa, futhi kuphela ingxenye yalo engasempumalanga. Noma kunjalo, wavuma ngokwakhe selikhonza iGolden zidlamlilo (ngemva uzinikela ekufeni okubuhlungu Michael Chernigov). Esikhathini XIV ekhulwini Chernihiv kanye eziningana emadolobheni angomakhelwane lathathwa umbuso eLithuania.

Polotsk Region

Polotsk wabusa Izyaslavich (inzalo Iziaslav V). Lokhu legatsha le Rurik wama phandle phambi kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Polotsk lokuqala liqala esempini ekubusweni Kiev. Bokuqala zempi enjalo kwenzeka ekuqaleni XI leminyaka.

Njengokunye principalities ka Rus lasendulo esikhathini kwehlukana, Polotsk wagcina uhlukaniswe phakathi principalities ezincane eziningana (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutskiy mina T. D.). Ezinye zalezi emadolobheni ngenxa yezimpi nemishado dynastic wadlulela Smolensk Rurikovich. Kodwa abaphikisi eyingozi kakhulu Polotsk, akungabazeki, babe naseLithuania. Ekuqaleni, izizwe zase-Baltic okuhleliwe kuphangwa okuzingela kusezweni Russian. Base esethuthela izinzuzo. Ngo 1307 Polotsk ekugcineni baba ingxenye elalisafufusa amandla Lithuanian.

naseVolyn

Esikhathini naseVolyn esifundeni (eningizimu-ntshonalanga manje eyi-Ukraine) ukuhlukanisa isikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu zezombangazwe - Vladimir-naseVolyn futhi galich. Ngemuva kokuba ezimele kusukela Kiev, ubukhulu waqala bancintisane ngobuholi esifundeni. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XII Roman Mstislavovich united imizi emibini. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ubukhulu of Galicia-naseVolyn. Ithonya le nkosi sasisikhulu kangangokuba lapho wawuhlala waxosha Enkolo avela waseConstantinople we uMbusi waseByzantium Alexios III.

INdodana Daniel Roman udumo lwakhe igqitshwa impumelelo kayise. Walwa ngempumelelo ngokumelene nabasePoland, baseHungary futhi amaMongol ngezikhathi ungene umfelandawonye umuntu kusukela omakhelwane. Ngo 1254 UDaniyeli waze wathatha kusukela uPapa isihloko King of Russia, enethemba ukusiza eNtshonalanga Yurophu ekulweni asemaqeleni. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ubukhulu Galicia-naseVolyn yawela labhidlika. Ekuqaleni lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye eziningana, wayeseyiswa yayinqoba iPoland. I nokwehlukaniswa ERussia yasendulo, lapho ubukhulu ehlale ingavumelani nomunye, uvikelwe impi yakhe ezinsongweni zangaphandle.

Smolensk

Smolensk ubukhulu etholakala maphakathi ezindawo yeRussia. It uzibuse lapho indodana Mstislava Velikogo Rostislav. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XII le ubukhulu Russia lasendulo futhi waqala umzabalazo munyu Kiev. Abadlali esiyinhloko amandla enhloko-dolobha Smolensk futhi Chernigov lasendulo babengene ababusi.

Phezulu inzalo amandla Rostislav okuye kwafinyelelwa kuyo Mstislav Romanovich. Ngo 1214-1223 GG. Wabusa Smolensk hhayi kuphela, kodwa Kiev. Kuyinto le nkosana kwaba umqalisi we antimongolskoy sokusebenzisana lokuqala anqotshwa Kalka. Ngemva kwalokho Smolensk esingaphansi abanye balimala ngesikhathi kuhlasela. Nokho, ababusi bayo uncome Golden zidlamlilo. Kancane kancane ubukhulu isibambo phakathi ukuthola umthelela Lithuania naseMoscow. Independence ezimweni ezinjalo sasingeke sibe eside. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1404 isikhulu Lithuanian Vytautas Smolensk ngokwemvelo enamathela ezintweni zakhe.

Lamabutho Eye

ubukhulu Ryazan matasa izwe Oka Ephakathi. Lwalumi uvela ebonakala emkhakheni Chernigov ababusi. Ngo-1160 yalolucwaningo kusukela Ryazan waphula Moore. AmaMongol ahlasele kabuhlungu zishaywe onqenqemeni. Izakhamuzi, izikhulu, principalities Russia lasendulo babengakuqondi usongo abahlaseli Eastern. Ngo 1237 Russian Ryazan idolobha lokuqala labhujiswa okuthile abantu basemadolobheni abangavamile asemaqeleni. Esikhathini esizayo, i-ubukhulu iyehluleka ngamandla elikhulayo eMoscow. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich eside Umphikisi Dmitriya Donskogo. Ryazan kancane kancane balahlekelwa phansi. Kwakuthinta lathathwa umbuso eMoscow ngo-1521.

Novgorod Republic

izici zomlando we principalities ka Rus lasendulo akukwazi ephelele ngaphandle kukhulunywa Novgorod Republic. Lesi simo waphila ngokuvumelana nezimo zako zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Lapha-ke wenza republic ahlukile nge kwethonya elinamandla Chamber ethandwa. Izikhulu zase akhethwe izinduna (babemenyiwe abavela kwamanye amazwe Russian).

A isimiso sezombangazwe efanayo isungule e Pskov, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "ungumfowabo omncane Novgorod." Le mizi emibili kwakungamadodana izikhungo esikhuluma ngokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izikhungo zezombusazwe Russian babenelungelo oxhumana kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngemva aseBaltic wathatha lempi Katolika oda lezindela, phakathi Knights and Novgorod waqala ukuhilizisana sina. Lokhu umzabalazo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-1240-yalolucwaningo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho abaseSweden namaJalimane bazabela wahlulwa Prince Alexander saseNevsky. Lapho cishe eseqedile indlela komlando Russia sidilizwa lokuya e-Grand Duchy of eMoscow, republic wasala yedwa Ivan III. Wanqoba Novgorod e 1478.

Northeast Russia

Izizinda lokuqala zombusazwe North-Eastern eRussia XI-XII eminyaka. babe Rostov, Suzdal futhi uVladimir. Wawubuswa inzalo ka Monomakh futhi indodana yakhe encane Yuriya Dolgorukogo. I abazolandela kayise Andrew Bogolyubskii futhi Vsevolod Nest Big waqinisa igunya Vladimir ubukhulu, okwenza kube omkhulu futhi eziqine ku Rus wahlukana.

Lapho izingane Vsevolod Big uJack eqala ezinkulu impi yombango. Baqala avele fiefdoms kuqala. Kodwa inhlekelele real wangena North-Eastern Russia, kanye amaMongol. Nomads eziye zacekela phansi kulesi sifunda, washisa eziningi lomuzi wakhe. Phakathi Tartar khans umthetho neyaziwayo uVladimir Izikhulu abadala kulo lonke elaseRussia. Hlela okuhleliwe labo thola ilebula ekhethekile.

Emzabalazweni uVladimir ukwaba isitha ezimbili ezintsha: Tver naseMoscow. Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli ngxabano wabo wafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV. Kulesi umncintiswano winner kwaba eMoscow. Kancane kancane izikhulu zalo bajoyine North-Eastern Russia, wagumbuqela ijoka Mongol-Tatar futhi ekugcineni wadala isimo esihlanganisiwe Russian (ngowokuqala kwenkosi yalo ngo-1547 baba Ivan Grozny).