Izici isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi impande cap ezitshalweni

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezikanye onezinto yayo ngoba ukuphila okuvamile, kusiza ukuvikela ezihlukahlukene izinkinga, ezitheni ziphethe nezinkathazo zezulu. Izitshalo nabo bayajabula. Ngokwesibonelo, ulwelwe, ukuze bazivikele amandla amanzi agelezayo nesivinini, rhizoids baye ezikhethekile - ukuncela izinkomishi ukuthi babiza substrate futhi bahlale endaweni.

Kodwa izitshalo ephakeme kulolu umsuka nobukhulu nokuma okuhlukahlukene, ubude. Nokho, uzenza umzimba komhlaba futhi kudingeka ivikelwe emandleni, ngoba inhlabathi - kanzima olwenzeka endaweni ngokwanele. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuyasiza impande cap, okuyinto izici izakhiwo sibheka kulesi sihloko.

Izici isakhiwo izitshalo

Selokhu esikoleni samabanga aphansi, zonke izingane owazi izici eziyisisekelo umzimba idivayisi izitshalo ephakeme. Yiqiniso, okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi uhlala nhlobo kwabaningi, ngaphandle kwalezo abantu ngokukhethekile nesithakazelo. Nokho, iziphathimandla zangaphandle ukwazi konke. Ziyakwazi:

• Escape okufakiwe ingxenye engaphandle: isiqu, licembe, imbali (angiosperms);
• ingxenye komhlaba kwakhiwa uhlelo impande.

Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho engavamile lakhe lingeke ladalulwa lapha. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwawo wonke amalunga - kuyindlela yokuzala, futhi ngenxa yalokhu isakhiwo kwezitho zokuzala. Ngo gymnosperms kuyinto Bump nge imbewu angiosperms - imbali nge izibilini imifanekiso, e spore - sporangium nge ezinhlamvu.

Nokho, kuzo zonke amaqembu eziqokiwe igunya okufanayo umsuka izitshalo. Ziyakwazi komhlaba enkulu yawo, uyenzele ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi ebalulekile.

1. Ukhishwa ihange, impande kwamaphutha isitshalo emhlabathini.
2. It ukhonza for abancela futhi ubambe emzimbeni amanzi namaminerali siphela.
3. Ngo kwezinhlobo eziningi, kuba indawo ukunqwabelana kwezakhi ezengeziwe.
4. Linikeza wonke amalungu geotropism omuhle (indima ekhethekile lena nje ichopho impande).
5. Olunye uhlobo ke ukhonza njengomdala umzimba eyengeziwe ngoba ukumuncwa-mpilo noma amanzi emkhathini.

Kuyacaca ukuthi lokhu umzimba kubalulekile kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma unesitshalo ngoba ukufakelwa kulimaze uhlelo impande linesisindo ngokwanele, ngoba izofa noma ogulayo kanzima futhi abupheli ezaziwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimpande zezitshalo ziyakhokhwa, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izitho, kodwa izilonda olunzulu ziqala ukuba afe.

Plant Umsuka: Izinhlobo

Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho komhlaba isitshalo isitho kufanele abe izici isakhiwo nokuthuthukiswa ukuthi umvumele ukuba njengoba eziqinile futhi amelana umonakalo lokukhanda. Indima ebalulekile lena cap impande. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba ukuphatha umzimba kusuka ngaphakathi, sichaza ukuthi siyini ngaphandle.

Zonke izinhlobo izimpande kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu.

1. Into esemqoka - yomgogodla emaphakathi, lapho kuqala ukukhula kuqala.
2. izimpande Lateral - egatsheni esisesigabeni main nge ukugeleza ukuphila.
3. Adventitious - izinwele eziningi ukwakha stem, okungabangelwa izinto ezihlukahlukene osayizi kusukela mncane futhi cishe imperceptible ngamaRefa izipele columnar.

Bebonke, bakusekela ukunikeza wonke isitshalo vysheoboznachennyh ukubulawa imisebenzi.

izinhlobo izimpande

izinhlobo izimpande - lezo zinguquko futhi izimpawu zabo engavamile ezimileni ngokwemvelo. Basuke kwakhiwa ngenjongo okuzivumelanisa izimo zikhula ethize, noma ukuze uwine umncintiswano indawo nokumbiwa lokudla, amanzi. ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile ungabahlukanisa.

1. Roots-zasesiteji - lekhontile esukela isiqu kanye ngokuzimela fixed enhlabathini. Kwakheka ukuze yokuqinisa umqhele enkulukazi esihlahleni. izitshalo maKristu abizwa isihlahla banyan.
2. Roots-slinging - ukukhonza yokuqinisa izitshalo phezu kobuso substrate. Ngokwesibonelo, ivy, amagilebhisi asendle, ubhontshisi, uphizi kanye nabanye.
3. Amaswidi - lokhu lithathelwe isitshalo izinambuzane semiparasites ukuze ukungena umninikhaya ubangelwa injongo ukukhathala kwezakhi yakhe. elinye igama labo - haustoria. Isibonelo: Mistletoe lathraea, dodder nabanye.
4. Breathing izimpande. Lokhu izimpande lateral, okuyinto ukukhonza ngenxa ukumuncwa oxygen izimo ezikhulayo zalesi sihlahla e umswakama ngokweqile. Isibonelo: lomhlume, Salix fragilis, umsayipuresi.
5. Air - adventitious izimpande, okuyinto enze umsebenzi ezengeziwe singesithakazelisa umswakama kusukela emoyeni. Isibonelo: orchid kanye nezinye epiphytes.
6. Nezilimo eziyizigaxa - ekwandeni izimpande komhlaba ezilingene adventitious ngenjongo ukugcina carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. ISIBONELO amazambane.
7. Roots - isitho komhlaba ezakhiwe overgrowth empandeni main lilondolozwe izakhamzimba. Izibonelo: izaqathe, radishes, beet kanye nabanye.

Ngakho, siye sahlola izimpande izitshalo ukuthi kuyabonakala ngeso lenyama, uma ukuyikhulula lisemhlabathini.

Uhlelo impande izitshalo

Zonke izinhlobo wabonisa izimpande zezitshalo ngalinye ukwakha lonke uhlelo. Ibizwa ngokuthi impande futhi zezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo.

1. Fibrous - liphinyiselwe ezilingene adventitious akambonanga into esemqoka.
2. Rod - central Taproot sivezwe ngokucacile, futhi ezilingene adventitious ababuthakathaka.

Lezi zinhlobo impande izinhlelo evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke angiosperms flora.

Izici isakhiwo isitshalo izimpande (etafuleni)

Manje bheka ngaphakathi isitshalo ukuba nokufinyelela eliphelele bese ibheka cap impande, izici kwesakhiwo ezisiza ngakho wonke umzimba. Nokho, ngaphandle nje phezulu impande, kukhona kwezinye izingxenye zalo. Ukuhlola zonke izici isakhi impande isitshalo, etafuleni Kuyinto elula kakhulu.

Ngakho, siye sathola ukuthi ukukhula isitshalo izimpande nge Calyptra liqala futhi liphethe ngamazwi ingxenye cortex eyinhloko. Manje sihlolisise isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi kakhulu phezulu okuyingxenye komhlaba zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.

Phezulu impande

Kukhona amagama amaningana ukuthi ubheke le yingxenye yomzimba ngomshoshaphansi. Ngakho-ke, omqondofana ezilandelayo:

• Calyptra, kusukela Lat. calyptra;
• impande cap;
• impande ithiphu;
• kaliptrogen;
• impande ithiphu.

Kodwa noma yini egameni, umsebenzi impande cap ezitshalweni ayizange ithuthuke. Ngokuvamile, lesi sigaba ukwakheka kancane uqweqwe eliseningizimu yomgogodla ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngo-microscope ubonakala njengomuntu cap sifakwe kwaphezulu ukuvikela izicubu obucayi izinhlayiya inhlabathi. Ubukhulu Calyptra encane njengoba 0.2 mm. kwezinye izakhiwo ezakhiwe Ushintshe, ezifana ukuphefumula izimpande kuphela, sifinyelela amamilimitha angu ambalwa.

Ukubukeka kunqunywa futhi umsebenzi main impande cap - Yiqiniso, ukuze azivikele umonakalo lokukhanda. Nokho, akuyona kuphela.

Maphi amaseli e cap impande?

impande cap amaseli ezimbili zama. Ingxenye yokuqala - kuyinto zangaphandle. Ziyakwazi oblong, edonsa futhi ekhula ekwakhekeni, eduze zifakwa nomunye. Ngakho-ke, izikhala intercellular cishe lingekho. Nokuphila kwalezi cell esifushane futhi 4 kuphela kwabangu-9 izinsuku. Ngalesi sikhathi kufanele babe nesikhathi sikhule bahlukanise.

Ngakho-ke, izinqubo mitosis ku impande ithiphu kukhona njalo. Umsuka lamaseli Calyptra evamile - yi meristem apical, etholakala ngqo phezulu kunjalo okwenyanga. Cell izindonga zalezi zakhiwo mncane neodrevesnevshie ngokwanele.

Phakathi nokuphila we maseli exfoliated, otmiraya, ingxube elingalodwa polysaccharides - isikhwehlela. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi impande cap wukuqinisekisa ukuthi esivikelo enamathela lwamafinyila yomzimba komhlaba temabhodlela ukunyuswa ephephile phakathi izinhlayiya inhlabathi.

Ngenxa isikhwehlela Calyptra, okuqinile isakhiwo zobumba ithobela yomgogodla kanye lula slide yayo phansi. Nokho, lokhu akulona nje lamaseli akhiwa Case siqukethe.

Kukhona amaseli Calyptra kwakheka ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi wakhe - Columella. Lokhu isitashi okusanhlamvu, noma amyloplasts. Basuke ekuqaleni etholakala plastids ukuthi akudingeki chlorophyll. Okungukuthi, ekuqaleni lalinabashumayeli eziphilayo ahlukene bafunda ukuphila e Symbiosis ne nezidalwa ihlelwe kakhulu kancane kancane yaba Irreplaceable amaseli wabo yangaphakathi kwesakhiwo.

Amyloplasts - kukhona amaseli buthelela ngaphakathi esikhulu okusanhlamvu isitashi polysaccharide. Ngaphandle kokuba babanjwa, kukhona eduze komunye nomunye ukuze ezinabantu njengoba Calyptra isakhiwo okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla.

Zazibophela omunye umsebenzi impande cap, okuyinto athi ngezansi. Phawula futhi ukuthi laba isitashi e amyloplasts ongakhonza njengoba umthombo obengeziwe bamandla simila, uma kudingwa izimo zemvelo.

impande cap umsebenzi ezitshalweni

Omunye wabo, ngokuyinhloko, siye sabona kakade. Thina ukuphinda futhi bese wengeza lezo ezingaqediwe okwamanje okukhulunywa.

impande cap imisebenzi izitshalo:

1. Olwelwesini amaseli Calyptra polysaccharide bukhipha isikhwehlela, esebenza ukuze ukugqugquzelwa nezimpande ezijulile enhlabathini.
2. esifanayo Case lwamafinyila siqukethe kwenza lesi sitshalo ukuze ugweme iphele ukuphuma.
3. Columella amaseli (central Calyptra) ngenhla tifaka ekhatsi isitashi okusanhlamvu kokuba georetseptsii kanjalo statoliths nokwenza umsebenzi impande. Ngenxa yalokhu-ke njalo geotropism omuhle.

Ukuhlolwa luye lwabonisa ukuthi uma ususa izitshalo Calyptra, ekukhuleni kwayo ubude liyaphela. Nokho, ingafi, futhi ngeke ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa izimpande ezilingene adventitious, ukwandisa inhlabathi bamba ububanzi ububanzi. Le mpahla isetshenziswa balimi in izitshalo ezikhulayo.

Kusobala ukuthi umsebenzi impande cap ezitshalweni kubalulekile. Phela, ohlangothini ngalunye noma emuva pridatochny Calyptra Ubuye phezu yayo. Uma kungenjalo Case isitshalo siqukethe ekususeni kusukela maphakathi Axial emgogodleni ngabe babhubhile. Kukhona okuhlukile. Lawa izinhlobo zezitshalo kabani izimpande ngokuphelele elingenalo izakhiwo okhethiwe. Izibonelo: amanzi onsundu, duckweed, vodokras. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngokuyisisekelo kuba abameleli amanzi nezilwane.

amyloplasts umsebenzi

kakade Sithe kukhona umsebenzi impande cap elihlobene ne amyloplasts. Zinqwabelanisa isitashi okusanhlamvu futhi uguqulwe statolith yangempela. Kuyinto cishe into efanayo statocysts (otoliths) zengaphakathi lendlebe ezincelisayo. Badlala indima ebalulekile i-siwe kalula.

Kungokufanayo idili futhi statolith amyloplasts. Siyabonga kubo, lesi sitshalo "uzwa" indawo engaba eMhlabeni, futhi sikhula njalo ngokusho kwakhe, ukuthi luqondiswe amandla adonsela phansi. Lesi sici lamiswa ngo Thomas Knight in 1806, ayeba kokuxilongwa confirmatory. Futhi, lesi simanga libizwa geotropism izitshalo.

geotropism

Geotropism, noma gravitropism, ukubizwa ngokuthi isici zezitshalo izingxenye zawo zikhule kuphela isiqondiso engaba emhlabeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma, isibonelo, ukunikeza imbewu ziqhume esimweni esejwayelekile, bese ujike ebhodweni ezinsikeni zawo, bese emva kwesikhashana ichopho impande futhi kwenza eguqa futhi uqale kweqa phansi ukubonisa isimo esisha.

Asho empandeni cap kule simo? It amyloplasts Calyptra uvumele impande abe geotropism omuhle, ukuthi njalo ezikhulayo phansi. Ngenkathi neziqu, ngokuphambene nalokho, a geotropism ezingezinhle njengoba ukukhula kwabo wenziwa phezulu.

Kuyinto lesi simanga zonke izitshalo abaphethwe sezulu futhi bawile neziqu phansi ngemuva izenzakalo zemvelo (iziphepho, isichotho, imvula enkulu, umoya), bayakwazi futhi ubuyisele esimweni esedlule kungakapheli isikhathi esifushane.