Izibonelo Semiconductors. Izinhlobo, izakhiwo, ngokoqobo

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke iyona Semiconductor Silicon (Si). Kodwa ngaphandle kwakhe, kukhona nabanye abaningi. Izibonelo zemvelo, ezifana Semiconductor izinto njengoba blende (ZNS), cuprite (Cu ₂ O), Galena (PBS) kanye nabanye abaningi. Umndeni Semiconductors, kuhlanganise Semiconductors okulungiselelwe laboratories, umele omunye amakilasi ahlukahlukene izinto ezaziwayo.

Kwebalingisi of Semiconductors

Izici 104 ishadi lesikhathi kukhona izinsimbi 79, 25 - nonmetals ezisetshenziselwa 13 izakhi zamakhemikhali ifa izakhiwo semiconducting futhi 12 - Kwe-dielectric Heating. Main Semiconductor sici liqukethe ukuthi conductivity yabo kwandisa kakhulu nge okwandisa izinga lokushisa. Emazingeni aphansi, behave fana insulators, futhi ngezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu - njengoba babashayeli. Lezi Semiconductors bengafani metal: Ukumelana metal kwandisa kulingana ekwandeni lokushisa.

Omunye umehluko ensimbini Semiconductor ukuthi ukungawi Semiconductor incipha ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhanya, ngenkathi in the sakamuva kwensimbi ayiphazamiseki. Futhi conductivity ka Semiconductors kuyahlukahluka lapho zaphathwa imali ezincane basebenze ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka.

Semiconductors atholakala phakathi zamakhemikhali nge ezahlukene crystal izakhiwo. Zingase zibekwe izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi Silicon kanye selenium, noma compounds double ezifana gallium arsenide. compounds eziningi organic, ezifana polyacetylene, (CH) _n, - Semiconductor izinto. Semiconductors ezithile abonise kazibuthe (Cd _1-x MN _x Te) noma izakhiwo ferroelectric (SbSI). Okunye alloying nge eyanele babe superconductors (GeTe futhi SrTiO _3). Eziningi zalezi elisanda kutholakala ephezulu lokushisa superconductors babe metallic semiconducting isigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, La ₂ Cuo ₄ kuyinto Semiconductor, kodwa ukwakheka ingxubevange nge Sr iba sverhrovodnikom (La _1-x Sr _{x) 2} Cuo _4.

Physics izincwadi ukunikeza incazelo indaba Semiconductor nge resistivity kagesi kusuka 10 ^{-4-10 7} ohms · m. Mhlawumbe i definition okunye. Ububanzi band esenqatshelwe we Semiconductor - kusukela 0 kuya ku-3 ev. Izinsimbi kanye semimetals - material ngeqanda amandla igebe, futhi ketshezi lapho lidlula W ev ngokuthi insulators. Kukhona okuhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, nedayimani Semiconductor has a ububanzi sinqatshiwe zone 6 ev, a Gaas semi nangokuvikela - 1,5 ev. Gan, material for amadivaysi optoelectronic eliluhlazi esifundeni, has a band ububanzi esenqatshelwe 3.5 ev.

igebe amandla

Valence orbitals zama-athomu eheleni crystal zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili amazinga energy - indawo mahhala, elitholakala ezingeni eliphezulu, futhi inquma conductivity kagesi of Semiconductors, kanti iviyo Valence, ngezansi. La mazinga, kuncike wesimethri we crystal ngehele isakhiwo futhi ama-athomu angaba aphambana noma zibekwe komunye nomunye. Kulo mBhalo kukhona igebe amandla, noma ngamanye amazwi, phakathi esenqatshelwe band esishintshashintshayo.

Indawo ezingeni ukugcwaliswa kunqunywa izakhiwo conductive material. Ngokusho yalolu ketshezi sici ehlukaniswa babashayeli, insulators, futhi Semiconductors. Ububanzi band esenqatshelwe we Semiconductor kuyahlukahluka 0.01-3 ev, igebe lukagesi Kwe-dielectric Heating kuka 3 ev. Izinsimbi ngenxa kokuncishiswa kwezikhala amazinga amandla awekho.

Semiconductors futhi insulators, ngokungafani kuya izinsimbi, ama-electron, zigcwele Valence band futhi eseduze khulula zone, noma band conduction, amandla Valence ibiyelwe ngiwunqume ukudabuka - ingxenye amandla okwenqatshelwe electron.

Ngo dielectrics energy ezishisayo noma azinakwa ensimini kagesi akwanele ukwenza gxuma ngokusebenzisa lokhu igebe, ama-electron, akuzona kuncike band conduction. Abakwazi ukuthutha eheleni crystal futhi babe abathwali kagesi.

Ukuze lingakunika amandla conductivity kagesi, i-electron ezingeni Valence kufanele inikwe amandla, obekungadala sokunqoba igebe amandla. Kuphela uma imali zokuncishiswa kwamandla akuyona ezincane kuno ukubaluleka amandla igebe, kuzodlula kusukela Valence electron ezingeni ezingeni conduction.

Kuleso simo, uma ububanzi igebe amandla idlula 4 ev, conductivity Semiconductor excitation ngemisebe noma Ukushisa cishe akunakwenzeka - amandla excitation we-electron ngesikhathi lokushisa ukuncibilika alanele ukuze sifinyelele igebe amandla ngokusebenzisa zone. Lapho ukufuthelana, crystal liyancibilika phambi conductivity electronic. Izinto ezinjalo zihlanganisa asebenza ngebhethri (de = 5,2 ev), idayimane (de = 5,1 ev), nosawoti eziningi.

Extrinsic kanye eziwumgogodla conductivity Semiconductor

Net Semiconductor zinhlayiya babe conductivity eziwumgogodla. Semiconductors okunjalo namabizoqho. Semiconductor eziwumgogodla iqukethe nenani elilinganako izimbobo futhi electron khulula. Lapho amalahle conductivity eziwumgogodla ka Semiconductors iyakhula. Ngezinye lokushisa elifanayo, kukhona isimo ashukumisayo yakhoibrium inani elakhiwe electron-imbobo ngazimbili kanye nenani electron recombining nemigodi, okusalayo njalo ngaphansi kwalezi zimo.

Ukuba khona ukungcola kakhulu kuthinta conductivity kagesi of Semiconductors. Ukungeza kubo ivumela anda kakhulu isibalo electron khulula at inombolo encane izimbobo futhi ukwandisa isibalo izimbobo nge inombolo encane electron ezingeni conduction. Okuphothula Semiconductors - babashayeli kokuba conductivity ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka.

Ukungcola kalula banikele electron abizwa ngokuthi abanikelayo. Anikelelwe ukungcola kungenzeka izakhi zamakhemikhali ne-athomu, amazinga Valence aqukethe electron ezingaphezu kuka-athomu ye impahla isizinda. Ngokwesibonelo, i-phosphorus kanye bismuth - a ukungcola Silicon abanikelayo.

Amandla adingekayo gxuma i-electron esifundeni conduction, ibizwa ngokuthi kusebenze amandla. Okuphothula Semiconductor badinga eningi kancane ke ngaphandle impahla isizinda. Nge Ukushisa okuncane noma ukukhanya ogxile wakhulula ama-electron-athomu le Semiconductors ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka. Beka kwesokunxele athomu kuthatha imbobo electron. Kodwa recombination electron imbobo akuthathi indawo. donor imbobo conductivity azinakwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani elincane ama-athomu okuphothula ungavumeli electron khulula ngokuvamile eduze emgodini futhi uyibambe. Electron ezinye izimbobo, kodwa abakwazi ukugcwalisa kubo ngenxa enganele amandla ezingeni.

A kancane okufakiwe donor okuphothula oda eziningana kwandisa conduction electron nje uma eqhathaniswa naso isibalo electron mahhala Semiconductor eziwumgogodla. Electron lapha - abathwali eyinhloko amacala athomu okuphothula Semiconductors. Lezi izinto basonta Semiconductors n-hlobo.

Ukungcola okubophela electron we Semiconductor, kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo izimbobo kuwo, ngokuthi acceptor. Lomamukeli ukungcola kukhona izakhi zamakhemikhali nge abambalwa electron Valence ezingeni kuka kumila Semiconductor. Boron, gallium, indium - acceptor lengcolile nobe Silicon.

Izimfanelo Semiconductor axhomeke crystal oyiyo zamehlo. Lokhu kubangela isidingo ezikhulayo zinhlayiya okumsulwa kakhulu. Amapharamitha we conduction Semiconductor kulawulwa ukwengeza dopants. Silicon zinhlayiya doped ne phosphorus (V iqeqebana elementi) okuyinto donor ukudala crystal Silicon n-hlobo. Ukuze crystal nge p-uhlobo Silicon iqondiswa boron acceptor. Semiconductors ihlawulelwa Fermi ezingeni ukulihambisa phakathi igebe band wadala ngale ndlela.

onomzali isici Semiconductors

I Semiconductor ezivamile Yiqiniso, i-silicon. Bekanye eJalimane, yena waba sibonelo nekilasi enkulu Semiconductors ukuthi babe okufanayo crystal izakhiwo.

Ukwakheka crystal Si futhi Gen ziyefana ukuthi diamond kanye α-tin. It azungeze ngamunye athomu 4 ama-athomu eliseduze akha Tetrahedron. ukubambisana okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi kane. Okunamandla tetradricheskoy isibopho steel isisekelo electronics umkhakha futhi udlale indima ebalulekile ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Ezinye izakhi V futhi VI we lwezakhi iqembu nazo Semiconductors. Izibonelo lolu hlobo Semiconductors - phosphorus (P), i-sulphur (S), selenium (Se) kanye tellurium (Te). Lezi Semiconductors kungenzeka ama-athomu kathathu (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) noma ukubambisana ezine-emhlanjini. Ngenxa yalokho izakhi enjalo kungaba khona izakhiwo ezahlukene eziningana crystalline, futhi uzilungiselele ngesimo ingilazi. Ngokwesibonelo, Se kwanda monoclinic futhi trigonal crystal izakhiwo noma njengoba ewindini (okungaba futhi abhekwe njengendoda polymer).

- Diamond has kakhulu conductivity ezishisayo, kakhulu izakhiwo mechanical optical, okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla lokukhanda. Ububanzi igebe amandla - De = 5,47 ev.

- Silicon - Semiconductor elisetshenziswa nama-solar, futhi ifomu amorphous, - in a amaseli mncane-ifilimu welanga. Kuyinto kakhulu elisetshenziswa amaseli Semiconductor solar, kulula ukwenza, anezakhi ezinhle kagesi kanye lokukhanda. de = 1,12 ev.

- Germanium - Semiconductor asetshenziswe spectroscopy gamma-ray, amaseli ukusebenza eliphezulu solar. Asetshenziswe diodes kuqala futhi transistors. Kudinga yokuhlanza esingaphansi silicon. de = 0,67 ev.

- selenium - a Semiconductor, okuyinto asetshenziswe rectifiers selenium kokuba okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana emisebeni enamandla nekhono lokuzelapha.

-Elementi ababili compounds

Properties of semiconductors kwakheka izakhi 3 nese-4 amaqembu ishadi lesikhathi zifane izakhiwo compounds amaqembu 4. Inguquko kusuka amaqembu 4 lezici okufanele kuhlanganisa 3-4 gr. Yenza ukukhulumisana ngokwengxenye ngenxa ionic icala yezokuthutha electron kusukela kwe-athomu Atom 3 Group 4 Group. Ionicity kushintsha izakhiwo Semiconductors. Kubangela ukwanda Coulomb amandla futhi ion-ion ukuxhumana namandla igebe electron band isakhiwo. ISIBONELO compounds kanambambili yalolu hlobo - indium antimonide, InSb, gallium arsenide Gaas, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide INP, aluminium antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide igebe.

Ionicity inyuka nokubaluleka kwalo ikhula amaqembu ngaphezulu compounds 2-6 compounds, ezifana cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi compounds amaqembu 2-6 sinqatshiwe band ebanzi kuka-1 ev, ngaphandle mercury compounds. Mercury Telluride - ngaphandle amandla igebe Semiconductor, lulwimi metal, efana α-tin.

Semiconductors amaqembu 2-6 nge emikhulu yamandla igebe bathola ukusetshenziswa emsebenzini wokukhiqiza lasers nokuboniswa. amaqembu Binary 6 2- kwakwakhe nge ayisesemikhulu igebe amandla afanelekile abamukelayo infrared. compounds Binary izakhi amaqembu 1-7 (cuprous bromide CuBr, Agi esiliva iodide, ithusi chloride CuCl) ngenxa ionicity okusezingeni eliphezulu babe ebanzi bandgap W ev. Akudingekile ngempela Semiconductors, futhi insulators. Crystal ukukhula okubambelela namandla ngenxa Coulomb nokuxhumana interionic kusiza ama-athomu zesakhiwo usawoti kanye oda lesithupha, esikhundleni quadratic Ukudidiyela. Compounds 4-6 amaqembu - sulfide, telluride phambili, ithini sulfide - njengoba Semiconductors. Ionicity yalezi izinto futhi Akhuthaza ukwakheka sixfold ukubambisana. Okuningi ionicity umgomo ongeke wavimbela khona banalo iwumngcingo band izikhala, angasetshenziswa ukuthola amaza okushisa. Gallium nitride - a amaqembu kwakwakhe 3-5 ebanzi amandla igebe, thola isicelo e Semiconductor lasers kanye diodes ukukhanya-likhipha ezisebenza blue ingxenye bohlu.

- Gaas, gallium arsenide - ngokufunwa emva yesibili Silicon Semiconductor avame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela substrate yezinye babashayeli, isibonelo, GaInNAs futhi InGaAs, e setodiodah infrared, imvamisa high transistors futhi ICS, amaseli ephumelelayo kakhulu solar, laser diodes, imitshina ikhambi zenuzi. de = 1,43 ev, ethuthukisa amadivaysi amandla njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne-silicon. Ziyaqothuka, iqukethe ukungcola nzima ukwenza.

- ZNS, zinc sulfide - zinc usawoti hydrogen sulphide ne esenqatshelwe band ukuklanywa 3.54 3.91 ev, elisetshenziswa lasers futhi njengoba phosphor.

- SNS, ithini sulfide - Semiconductor elisetshenziswa photoresistors futhi photodiodes, de = 1,3 no-10 ev.

oxides

I oxides metal mhlawumbe kukhona insulators esihle, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile. Izibonelo lolu hlobo Semiconductors - oxide ne-nickel, i-nitrous ithusi, ayibe oxide, ithusi dioxide, yensimbi oxide, europium oxide, zinc oxide. Njengoba zethusi dioxide ukhona njengoba cuprite amaminerali, izakhiwo kwalo wafunda ngokuzikhandla okukhulu. Inqubo ukutshala lolu hlobo Semiconductor akakabi kucace ngokuphelele, ngakho ukusetshenziswa yabo namanje elinganiselwe. Okungabalulwa zinc oxide (ZnO), amaqembu kwakwakhe 2-6, isetshenziswa njengoba transducer kanye ekukhiqizeni opholile ingcina futhi plasters.

Isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele ngemva umumo wokwakha latholakala compounds eziningi zethusi nomoya-mpilo. Eyokuqala lokushisa eliphezulu superconductor ukuvula Bednorz futhi Muller, waba Semiconductor kwakwakhe okusekelwe La ₂ Cuo _4, igebe zamandla 2 ev. Uma kufakwa divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium yombala noma Sesithombe, busuka abathwali Semiconductor ophethe izimbobo. Ukuphumelelisa adingekayo imbobo lokuhlushwa kwenza La ₂ Cuo ₄ superconductor. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu ushintsho esimweni superconducting fanele kwenezele HgBaCa ₂ Cu ₃ O _8. Ngomfutho ophakeme, ukubaluleka kwalo 134 K.

ZnO, zinc oxide varistor isetshenziswa, blue diodes ukukhanya-likhipha, igesi izinzwa, izinzwa begazi, ezinengilazi amafasitela ukubonisa ukukhanya infrared, wokuba umbhidisi e-LCD ekhombisa namabhethri welanga. de = 3,37 ev.

zinhlayiya egqinsiwe

compounds Double okomthofu diiodide, gallium selenide kanye molybdenum disulphide kuhluke egqinsiwe crystal nesakhiwo. Zogqinsi izibopho covalent wamandla eside, khulu donsile than the van der Waals isibopho phakathi izingqimba ngokwabo. Semiconductors uhlobo enjalo ezithakazelisa ngoba electron aziphathe zamatshe a athi mgudumbili. Ukuxhumana izingqimba sishintshwe ethula ama-athomu ngaphandle - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide isetshenziswa imvamisa high imitshina, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. de = 1,23 kanye 1.8 ev.

semiconductors organic

Izibonelo Semiconductors ngesisekelo organic compounds - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) n,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. Semiconductors Organic esingcono phezu non-organic: ba kulula kakhulu ukungadluliseli izinga oyifunayo. Izinto nge conjugate izibopho yakha -C = C C = ifa eningi optical non-linearity futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-Optoelectronics isicelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla band igebe Semiconductor organic elibona nxazonke ifomula ziyahlukahluka ushintsho ukuthi kulula kakhulu kunalelo Semiconductors ezivamile. Crystalline allotropes carbon fullerenes, Graphene, nanotubes - futhi Semiconductors.

- Fullerene has a isakhiwo ngesimo evaliwe ayizindunduma polyhedron ugleoroda ngisho kuma-athomu e. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ kanye metal alikhali sikuphendule kube superconductor.

- ezakhiwe graphite carbon monoatomic ungqimba, ixhunywe ku ngehele mgudumbili olunezinhlangothi. Record has conductivity futhi ukuhamba electron, rigidity okusezingeni eliphezulu

- Nanotubes kuthiwa iphuma ku ipuleti tube graphite kokuba ububanzi nanometer eziningana. Letinhlobo carbon babe sesithembiso esikhulu e nanoelectronics. Kuye elihlangana kungenzeka metallic noma Semiconductor izinga.

semiconductors kazibuthe

Compounds nge ion magnetic europium futhi manganese ube ukwazi izakhiwo kazibuthe kanye semiconducting. Izibonelo lolu hlobo Semiconductors - sulfide europium, selenide europium nezisombululo okuqinile, ezifana Cd _1-x MN _x Te. Okuqukethwe ion kazibuthe kuthinta kokubili izinto abonise izakhiwo kazibuthe ezifana ferromagnetism futhi antiferromagnetism. Semiconductors Semimagnetic - kuyinto okunzima kazibuthe Semiconductors izixazululo aqukethe ion magnetic emakamu low. izixazululo ezinjalo okuqinile zidonse ukunaka kwanoma themba futhi ikhono elikhulu izicelo kunokwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokungafani kuya Semiconductors non-kazibuthe, bakwazi ukufinyelela emikhulu izikhathi million Faraday ngokushintshana.

imiphumela Namandla magnetooptical ka Semiconductors kazibuthe ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukushintshashintsha kwezwi optical. Perovskites, efana MN _0.7 Ca _0.3 O _3, izakhiwo zalo njengabakhulu kunani metal-semiconductor shintsho, okuyinto kwencika ngqo kwi kazibuthe Imiphumela inkambu lo mkhuba giant magneto-resistivity. Zisetshenziswa umsakazo, amadivayisi we-optical, okuyinto kulawulwa kazibuthe, amadivaysi microwave waveguide.

Semiconductor ferroelectrics

Lolu hlobo zinhlayiya libhekene khona izikhathi zabo kagesi nesenzakalo of nokwehlukana nokuguqulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo ezinjalo ziyathandeka Semiconductors kuholele titanate PbTiO _3, barium yombala titanate BaTiO _3, telluride germanium, GeTe, ithini telluride SnTe, okuyinto ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi babe izakhiwo ferroelectric. Lezi izinto asetshenziswa nonlinear optical, izinzwa piezoelectric namadivayisi inkumbulo.

A ezihlukahlukene Semiconductor izinto

Ngaphezu Semiconductor izinto ezibalwe ngenhla, kukhona nabanye abaningi ukuthi ningaweli esinye salezi zinhlobo. Compounds ifomula 1-3-5 izakhi ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ kanye 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ yakha chalcopyrite crystal nesakhiwo. Xhumana compounds tetrahedral Semiconductors fanekiso 3-5 namaqembu 2-6 nge-zinc blende crystal nesakhiwo. Compounds akha izakhi Semiconductor 5 namaqembu 6 (efana Njengoba ₂ Se _3), - the Semiconductor ngesimo crystal noma ingilazi. Chalcogenides ka bismuth ne-antimony asetshenziswa Semiconductor thermoelectric ugesi. I izakhiwo lolu hlobo Semiconductor Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa abazange kwakuqala ukwanda ngenxa isicelo elinganiselwe. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi zikhona, kuqinisekisa khona okwamanje kuyaphenywa ngokugcwele emkhakheni Semiconductor physics.