ISivumelwano Paris 1856: izimo kanye ukwesulwa

Russian-English emhlabeni, Paris sivumelwano noma iSivumelwano eParis 1856 - igama esinjalo idokhumenti imise neMpi YaseCrimea ka 1853-1856.

Isivumelwano esasayinwa ngaphakathi kohlaka Paris Congress, lavulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoFebhuwari 13. Umsebenzi abathintekayo Ottoman Empire, eNgilandi, eSardinia Prussia, Austria neFrance, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi Russia - ngakolunye.

Phakathi 1856-1871 biennium. Russian Empire wabalwela ukuqedwa imikhawulo ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano. Uhulumeni akakuthandanga yokuthi emngceleni yoLwandle Olumnyama uvuliwe ukuze kwezulu okungazelelwe. Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde, ukwesulwa ongaphelele articles iSivumelwano Paris, okungukuthi wavulwa kokuqukethwe le mikhumbi woLwandle Olumnyama, wathatha indawo sibonga EMhlanganweni London ngo-1871.

YaseCrimea impi

Phezu ukuqedwa zonke izinhlobo enobudlelwane nezomnotho phakathi Russia nase-Turkey e 1853, owokuqala kungene principalities Danubian. Uhulumeni Turkish akabubekezelelanga isimo sengqondo esinjalo ngokwayo futhi 4 Okthoba ngawo lowo nyaka uthi impi. ibutho Russian wakwazi push ibutho Turkish kusuka ogwini iDanube, kanye dudula ukuhlaselwa kwabo South eCaucasus. Wenzile nesitha olwandle, lapho ulibangise inhliziyo isenzo. Ngemva izenzo ezinjalo empini ingena UK neFrance. Badlula ngokuphumelelayo oLwandle Olumnyama futhi sizungezwe wamabutho esitha. Mashi 27 eNgilandi uthi ukulwa neRussia, ngosuku olulandelayo uba khona okhangekayo bese France. Ngemva kwenyanga, ibutho Anglo-French uzama umhlaba eduze Odessa, pre-labadubuli indawo 350 izibhamu. Septhemba 8, 1854, la mabutho esifanayo ukuphula Russia ngaphansi emfuleni Alma futhi uhlale eCrimea. Isikhathi eside Sevastopol iqala ku 17 Okthoba. amabutho dislocation indawo olunezinombolo abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-30 .; edolobheni uye wahlushwa 5 emikhulu ngamabhomu. Ngemva kokunqotshwa France, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli Sevastopol ibutho Russian ezikhoselweni. Kuyo ukuvinjezelwa (izinsuku 349) umbuso ngazo zonke izindlela uzama ukuphambukisa isitha, kodwa imizamo ingaphumeleli. Sevastopol lilawulwa Anglo-French.

I Paris Ukuthula iSivumelwano 1856, ungene ngemvume ku-Mashi 18, uqedele isinyathelo sezempi. Wabiza ukukhululwa kwe-Black Sea (iba hlangothi), kuyehla kube lwemikhumbi ubuncane Russia. Iimbopho efanayo onikezwe Turkey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbuso akulona umlomo iDanube, ingxenye eBessarabia, iziphathimandla eSerbia, Wallachia naseMoldavia.

ISivumelwano Paris

Ngenxa isinqumo edabukisayo YaseCrimea ukungqubuzana Russian, aba strangulated e amalungelo abo kanye nezithakazelo. Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi imingcele Empire neze abathintekayo. Waphelelwa ngamandla ezinye iziqhingi, principalities umlomo iDanube emuva emadolobheni ezifana Sevastopol, Kinburn nabanye. Yini embi ngalo kuphela kwaba ukuthi insimu ukuthula sivumelwano okuholela zagcwala phama amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo. I hit yi-Russia ukuthi iSivumelwano eParis 1856 kuvinjelwe ezibonakalayo yayo oLwandle Olumnyama kakhulu, abavunyelwe ukuba babe lwemikhumbi, izinqolobane, nezinqaba.

Isivumelwano abathintekayo imvelo European kwezenhlalo, izisekelo zazo babekwa phansi Vienna azibhala. Umholi yonke iYurophu baba Paris, ababekade Petersburg labelwa endaweni yesibili.

Imigomo iSivumelwano Paris

ISivumelwano Paris kufakwe 34 saziso futhi 1 sihloko yesikhashana. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko kwale mibandela elandelayo:

1. Phakathi amazwe, ungangena ezivumelwaneni, manje kukhona ukuthula kanye nobungane.
2. Territory yanqoba ngesikhathi kushayisana, bayokhululwa kubanikazi yasekuqaleni.
3. Russia uyavuma ukubuyela Kars nezinye izingxenye amazwe WaseTurkey, okuyinto esiyi-amabutho.
4. France, Britain uyavumelana ukubuyisela Empire athumba nezimbobo futhi imizi Sevastopol, Evpatoria nezinye elalihlala ibutho Anglo-French.
5. Russia, France, Britain futhi Sardinia kufanele unike kho yekelo labo nganoma iyiphi indlela baye baba necala ngokusebenzisa kokugqashuka impi.
6. Wonke amaqembu ukuth masinyane ibuyela iziboshwa zempi.
7. ISivumelwano eParis 1856 uphoqa izwe ukuba ngisayine ukusiza umbimbi uma isitha sihlasela; ngokucophelela uqaphele le mibandela, ngaphandle kokuphula kubo.
8. Uma phakathi yimaphi amazwe eziye waphetha indatshana, kunokushayisana noma ukungavumelani, abanye ungasebenzisi amandla ukuyixazulula, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba axazulule konke ngokuthula.
9. Akekho noyedwa kulaba babusi akangenelanga kwinqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle isimo engumakhelwane.
10. Ukungena ku-Bosporus kanye iDardanelles uhlala avaliwe.
11. Black Sea iba kokungathathi hlangothi; ke akuvunyelwe ukuba lwemikhumbi.
12. Ivunyelwe zohwebo ogwini Sea, kungaphansi kuphela emagunyeni afanele.
13. Yiba nendawo yokugcina oLwandle Olumnyama akuvunyelwe.
14. Inani lwemikhumbi kanye namabutho zinqunywa ngokwentando inkontileka futhi ayikwazi kudlulwe.
15. imisebenzi ezaqedwa ku navigation eDanube.
16. Kuvunyiwe iqembu uzoqapha yokuhlanza lamabhange emfuleni nokunye.
17. ke Ikhomishana kumele bahlelekela imithetho navigation kanye ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla, susa izithiyo patrol friendly endaweni ulwandle.
18. Ikhomishana ugu uzonikezwa Bagunyaziwe umsebenzi ngalo uthembisa ezokhipha, yaqedwa ekupheleni engu-2.
19. Izwe ngalinye uvumelekile ukuba abe 2 isitsha ukukhanya phezu lomfula iDanube.
20. umngcele Russian eduze eBessarabia sigudluke for navigation kalula eDanube.
21. Kulezo zindawo lapho uzokhulula Empire isiRashiya, lizonamathiselwa Moldova.
22. Akekho ilungelo aphazamise yangaphakathi ezombusazwe valahskogo futhi ubukhulu iMoldavian.
23. I uMbuso WaseTurkey ubophekile bangagxambukeli kwezombangazwe emazweni azihlanganisa, eshiya kubo ilungelo lokuzinqumela ekubuseni; eshiya inkululeko egcwele ukukhetha inkolo, ezentengiselwano, navigation kanye nemithetho jikelele.

Khansela iSivumelwano Paris

Ngemva ukwamukelwa of Russian-English emhlabeni Russian wazama ukudambisa imikhawulo, ngaleyo ndlela kabusha kweBlack Sea ithuba abe imikhumbi. Yingakho ngalesi sikhathi bachuma enobudlelwane nawo. Phakathi 1856-1871 biennium. Empire ahlala ubuhlobo inzuzo nge France: wahlela ukuba uthole usizo Russia kulokhu kubulalana Austro-isiFulentshi, futhi kwamuva ekubaleni ithonya France e umbuzo Eastern.

Le ngqungquthela eParis, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1863, kwaba juqu ubudlelwano Russian-French. Izwe zihlangana kakhulu futhi ngokuhlanganyela ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile. Mashi 1859 kwakubalulekile ukuba France, ngoba isivumelwano imfihlo sasayinwa, owawuthi uma impi ne-Austria Empire uthembisa hlangothi. Ukuwohloka ubudlelwane waphawula phakathi kwavukelwa Polish. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinyathelo Russia usungula elala Prussia.

Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa wonke uMbuso German ngo-1872 Berlin udlala inezinhlobo sababusi 3. Isentha iqala, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho nawo uyahlanganyela Austria. Ngokwe-Berlin Treaty, bamukela ngalesi sikhathi, ukuqedwa izihloko Paris ukuthula sivumelwano kuba isikhathi Russia daba. Ululama mikhumbi kweBlack Sea ezindaweni elahlekile.