Isifundazwe okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Uhlu izifundazwe Roman

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Elikhulu uMbuso WaseRoma ayisekho, inzalo kule nkathi izwe lethu komlando wasendulo ungacimi. Phela, kodwa kwaba amaRoma babe okhokho umthetho yesimanje kanye nesayensi, i-imithethosisekelo ithi amaningi aseYurophu futhi azibhala zabo zezombangazwe, futhi kuze kube namuhla kufundvwe e emayunivesithi adumile emhlabeni wonke.

Nokho, ngisho ilungiselelo kokujwayelekile isimo olukhulu esedlule akukanciphi ezithakazelisayo. Ingabe uyazi ukuthi yini isifundazwe kwamiswa okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma nokuthi kule yunithi indawo? Uma kungenjalo, khona-ke kufanele nakanjani ukufunda lesi sihloko! Ngokushesha waxwayisa ngokuthi isihloko sizobe ukukhuluma mayelana eRoma amandla olulodwa. Lesi sigaba ku eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Empire okwenzeka ngemva kokuba ama ekuthatheni lo muzi ngo amaVisigoth Ostrogoths.

Inchazelo jikelele

Ngomqondo obanzi, i- "isifundazwe" libhekisela ezweni, esikhishwe ezinye isikhulu esiphezulu umbuso ukulawula kwayo. Lo muntu ngaphakathi ezweni lakhe kwadingeka isihloko imperio. Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi leli gama kwadingeka ezine nje ezinye izindinganiso. Nampa:

• Njengasendabeni yabase odlule, "isifundazwe" ungase uyiswe esikhundleni esikhethekile. Ngakho, pr isihloko. maritima kwakusho ukuthi umuntu kwadingeka ke, umyalo nejoka imikhumbi wamaRoma.
• Isimo esifanayo kwaba umuntu ophethe umsebenzi othile obalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, pr. curare frumentum ophethe ukulethwa isinkwa.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, "isifundazwe" Kungenzeka ngokuthi yizwe lesitha leli esiphathiswe ezinye nomyali. Same Macedonia consulibus Provincia decernitur, kwakheka ngenkathi kunqotshwa Greece.
• Ekugcineni, kwaba egameni lanoma imuphi esanda yanqoba noma inikezwe LamaRoma isifungo endaweni ukuthi isivele ifakiwe Pax Romania, «oda wamaRoma."

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga uzigcinile indlela zokuphatha wawoyise. Konke okushiwo lapha nasesikhathini esizayo kuyiqiniso ngenxa basileus WaseByzantium.

ukuqhubeka ngendlela "yesifundazwe" wokuphila

Kakade lesithathu AD leminyaka, amaRoma aqala ukwanda ngokushesha, okwaphumela okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, endaweni liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo, kude azivinjwa le "ukuqalisa" Italian. Ngokushesha, wonke umhlaba amanga eduze koLwandle iMedithera, yaphenduka yaba isifundazwe saseRoma. Ekugcineni, 117 AD yayiwumsebenzi owumphumela wawo uchungechunge impumelelo lempi. Ukuba umbuso waba yakhula kakhulu. Sekukonke, isimo ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli izifundazwe 45, singabali izifunda 12 e-Italy.

Njengoba isifundazwe entsha kwamiswa?

Ukuze zonke nesikhathi sokunqoba laqanjwa nenqubo ecacile "Fusion" izindawo ezintsha kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziningi zombuso: ekuqaleni kumlawuli, ngubani ashaqe umhlaba omusha, olwenziwe delineation ukuthethwa kwecala. Okubalulekile! Lapho ekhuluma eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, kumele ukuthi e kwemingcele yayo lokhu "isinyathelo" cishe akuzange: yonke imisebenzi ezweni yayiqhutshelwa kuphela ngolwazi nokuvunywa nedolobha (waseConstantinople).

izinqubo zomthetho

IKhomishane amalungu 10 aqokwe Senate Kuthiwa "uzungu uhlelo", wedlula izimemezelo legitimizing umbusi zesikhashana. Le mibhalo ngokushesha unamathisele oda Wezigele kanye ulozhenija umthetho wendawo (uma kwaba). By endleleni ekhuluma, kuba kulondolozwe umthetho wasekhaya lwentando yombuso wamaRoma.

Yingakho zonke izifunda okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma (esikhathini ekuqaleni kwalo mbuso) ngomqondo kwaba geqe.

inkathi zesikhashana

Njengoba isimo waqiniswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi imithetho bamagange xaxa ukufana. Inani umthetho wendawo uwela ngokushesha. Bayanda "ngezimiso izifundazwe" sebeqala ngqo ibuswa iSigele. Ekugcineni, ulozhenija bendawo kuphela lokulawula izici ukuphathwa jikelele, kanti zonke ezinye izindaba zidingidwa ngomthetho wamaRoma. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhamizi saseRoma, okwakumnika lalinabantu nsi koMbuso ongumRoma edictum provinciale, iSimemezelo umbusi, okuyinto wanyathelisa ekuthatheni ehhovisi.

"Izinduna zamisa imithetho" sasizwakala phakathi nokubusa umbusi kuphela, kodwa ngokuvamile iningi kwenzeka ukuthi eyandulela wakhe kule dokhumenti ayikashintshi lutho ngempela. isifundazwe elawulwa bamabutho amabutho, bakhona nababusi futhi propraetor. injongo yabo eyingoduso e Senta, futhi abantu kulezi izikhundla uphendukisa unyaka ngamunye. Uma ifunwa ngezimo, isikhathi sokuba sesikhundleni angase enwetshiwe, kodwa isinqumo phezu kwalo wayephethe unelungelo lokubamba zonke iSigele efanayo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina umbuso

Eminyakeni zokugcina ngaphambi kokuwa sifundazwe eRoma run by abameleli wangaphambili futhi bamabutho. Awase emandleni ngokuphelele ukuba isifundazwe elawulwa. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ezingeni singenele ngokuphelele inkohlakalo nokuntula ikhono ephelele abaphathi eziningi abenze umsebenzi, ujabulela ubudlelwane obuhle umbusi. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha Syria efanayo, uma isifundazwe ezinonileyo uMbuso waseRoma cishe babamba inkunzi nababusi balo, ukuze lizwe unina ingxenye encane ka izintela eziqoqiwe. Konke lokhu kuphela yashesha wokugoqa ukufika isimo esisodwa esikhulu.

Uhlu izifundazwe Roman neminyaka nesenzakalo yabo

Ngakho, senza uhlu esifundazweni eyinhloko owawungumnyaka Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma. I ukuqomisana base akuyona ngokulandelana, njengoba nokunqoba kwawo basonta izinkathi ezahlukene zezombusazwe emlandweni yombuso wamaRoma. Eyokuqala "ngaphansi iphiko" waseRoma wema Sicily, futhi ngemva kwaso - Sardinia futhi Corsica. Kwasekusithi 241 kanye 231 BCE ngokulandelana. Ngemva ayezinqobile akude naseduze Spain.

Kwasekusithi 197 GD. N. e. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iminyaka engu-27 ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu of Spain Eminye labelwa esifundazweni Lusitania. Eminyakeni emibili ngemva kwalokhu, izwe liye landa esifundazweni Galati. Njengoba ubona, njengoba kuqale unyaka ka enkathini entsha ikhadi uMbuso WaseRoma Kugcizelela ne ukwehlukana kwayo. Ngonyaka 120 BC. e. Benqotshwa eGaul Narbonne. Aquitaine, Belgian futhi isifundazwe Lugdunskoy futhi Numidia lathathwa umbuso eRoma-50 BC, kodwa ahlukene, izifundo egcwele umbuso waqala kuphela ngonyaka 17 ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu. EsiFundazweni Rhaetia futhi Noricum - '15 BC.

Ngakho, ake uqhubeke. Alpes-Maritimes abazihlanganisile e '14 (Kottiyskie Alps baba ingxenye eRoma kuphela ngesikhathi uNero elidumile). Mayelana nesikhathi ukumnika eRoma Peninskih Alps kungenxa ethile akwaziwa, kodwa munye kuthathwa ngokuthi kwenzeka ngaphambili kuka engu-200.

Upper futhi Lower eJalimane abangu won '17. Ngesikhathi, esifundazweni yasungulwa eKhaphadosiya.

Britain, Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma ekugcineni yanqoba kuphela '43, kodwa ezindaweni zokuqala lapho kwamiswa ngisemncane kakhulu. Upper futhi Lower Pannonia anqotshwa cishe ngonyaka 10. Ekuqaleni Babeyimbangela sifundazwe olulodwa, kodwa lo mbusi uTrajan (azungeze 105 eminyakeni) ke waba yizinqamu ezimbili kalula ukuphathwa. Kwenzeka into efanayo ne Upper futhi Lower Miziey. Ezanqotshwa '29, ukwehlukana okwenzeka phakathi nokubusa of uDomitian, usuku lomcimbi alwaziwa.

YaseThrace nenkani waba isifundazwe saseRoma e 46. Dacia amlandela ngemuva kweminyaka engu-100 kuphela ubudala, futhi ngemva kwaso - Arabia, Armenia ne-Asiriya. Khona-ke abaseRoma wadala isifundazwe enegama ... Asia. EDalmathiya Roma "yingcweti" ephakathi kwengu-159, kanye ne-169, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule isifundazwe kwabo Afrika yasungulwa. EMakedoniya nase-Akhaya linqotshiwe ngezithuba esifanayo (ukunikeza noma ukuthatha eyishumi). Epir usuku isifundazwe ngempela ezaziwayo. Umlando yamuva okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma uthi ngokushesha nje ukuthi kwenzekeni phakathi nokubusa koMbusi uVespasian.

Ngaphezu kwalokho "wenzuzo"

Egypt wawa 30 BC. e. umlando abathandwayo yesifundazwe kanye Vifiya Pont. Won eminyakeni 74 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu (ngokuhlanganyela ezifundazweni Cyrenaica futhi eKrethe), base ezinwetshiwe ngemva kweminyaka elithoba kuphela ubudala. Ekugcineni, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa emva ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu insimu yabo futhi kakhulu kunezimpande. Cishe into efanayo yenzeka Lycia nasePhamfiliya. Kugcine iwine ngisho kuze iminyaka 25 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, futhi kuhlaselwa Lycia ephethwe ukuqedela kuphela 43 BC. e.

Ukunqoba eKhilikhiya ayesuka 64 BC kuya 67 ngonyaka ngemva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. EKhupro nase- Siriya kuhlulekile ukuze ujoyine emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo. EMesophothamiya kungase kuhlanganiswe isimo kudala njengoba ngonyaka 115, kodwa isifundazwe entsha alahlekelwa kweminyaka embalwa. Buyela kwaba kamuva isigamu nje leminyaka.

Kuyadingeka ukuba ugcwalise uhlu lwethu Tingitanskoy eKhesariya Mauritania, okwaba yingxenye isimo ngemva kweminyaka engu-40 kusukela esikhathini sokuzalwa kukaKristu. Ngakho, umlando ka ngaphansi koMbuso WaseRoma kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ekunqotshweni emazweni amasha ngayo nefunda ngayo lo muzi kwakuyindlela kokubili ukunwetshwa baqhubeka, futhi kunomvuzo nezitha ezinamandla kakhulu.