Isayensi Social - yilokhu? Yini basafunda social sciences. System of Social Sciences

Isayensi, njengoba uhlobo ulwazi kanye nencazelo zomhlaba njalo elokhu ivela: inani izimboni zayo futhi liyakhula kancane kancane. Ikufakazela lokhu ukuthuthukiswa mkhuba social sciences, enganikeza zonke izici ezintsha zokuphila emphakathini wanamuhla. Yiziphi? Lokho ekhonza isihloko ekutadisheni kwabo? Okuningi mayelana nalesi ufunde isihloko.

i-social science

Lo mqondo sekukhona esanda kutholakala. Ososayensi zithi ivelaphi ekuthuthukiseni isayensi ngokuvamile, eqale e-16-17 leminyaka. Yingaleso sikhathi isayensi wema endleleni yayo yentuthuko, ngokuhlanganisa futhi iyavuleka lonke uhlelo lolwazi mbumbulu yesayensi, kwamiswa ngaleso sikhathi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-social science - kuyinto uhlelo ephelele yolwazi yesayensi, e isisekelo yayo iqukethe eziningi eyala. Umsebenzi wale mithandazo kuyinto Ucwaningo olunzulu inkampani futhi izakhi zalo ephambili.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kulesi sigaba lunikeza inselele kumazwe isayensi ambalwa edlule eminyaka. Ukuvela izikhungo ezintsha, bulukhuni elandayo lezisebenzi nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kanye nobudlelwane zidinga ukwethulwa izigaba omusha, alethe ubulungisa ukuncika kanye amaphetheni, ukuvula amagatsha entsha kanye ye-amagatsha lolu hlobo ulwazi lwesayensi.

Yini utadisha?

Impendulo yombuzo okungukuthi isihloko Social Sciences, lenziwe kuyo ngokwayo. Le ngxenye kolwazi lwesayensi ugxila emizamweni yawo zemfundo nomqondo onjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengesive. essence yayo kwembulwe sibonga ngokugcwele kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu.

Lesi sakamuva ngokuvamile uvezwa njengomuntu isayensi emphakathini. Nokho, incazelo enjalo ezibanzi nodaba isiyalo ayikuvumeli ukuqonda okuphelele ke.

Hlobo luni umphakathi kanye kwabantu?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo baye bazama ukwenza i abacwaningi abaningi kokubili eminyaka owayephila futhi esikhathini esidlule. Contemporary Sociology 'zingaziqhayisa "lenqwaba nemibono imiqondo, uchaza okushiwo umqondo' umphakathi". Lesi sakamuva singabangela akunalo kuphela nomuntu ngamunye, imfuneko lapha luyinhlanganisela izinto eziningana kumelwe nakanjani babe kule nqubo ye nokuxhumana. Yingakho namuhla, ososayensi emphakathini njengesakhamuzi esihlelekile "cluster" kuzo zonke uxhumano kungenzeka futhi ekuhlanganyeleni, kwehlela emhlabeni ebuhlotsheni babantu. Ukunikeza eziningi kokuhle inkampani:

• Ukuba khona okuthile gwamanda yezenhlalakahle sibonakalisa ohlangothini yezenhlalakahle wokuphila, ungubani ubudlelwane nobuhlobo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba ekuhlanganyeleni.
• Ukuba khona nabalawuli, okuyinto zezenhlalo shayela tikhungo tetenhlalo, lona wamuva iyona ukuxhumeka ezinzile kakhulu futhi ubudlelwano. Isibonelo esimangalisayo leso sikhungo umndeni.
• Elithile isikhala emphakathini. Lapho kuphumeleleka khona isigaba indawo, kusukela umphakathi ungadlulela ngalé kubo.
• Nokwaneliswa - isici esisiza ukuhlukanisa esidlangalaleni ezinye zokwakheka ezifanayo zenhlalo.

Uma ucabangela Ukubuka yamila izigaba eziyinhloko kwabantu, kungenziwa enwetshiwe futhi lo mqondo-ke njengoba isayensi. Akukhona nje isayensi umphakathi, kodwa futhi uhlelo oluhlangene ulwazi mayelana ahlukahlukene social izikhungo, ubudlelwane, imiphakathi.

social sciences umphakathi cwaningo, ukwakha ukumelwa okuhlukahlukene sakhe. Ngamunye ubheka into ngesandla sakhe: wezifundo zezombusazwe - zezombusazwe, umnotho - kwezomnotho, ezamasiko - kwamasiko, njll ...

izimbangela

Kusukela ngekhulu le-16, ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi lwesayensi ngokwanele ashukumisayo futhi emnyangweni isayensi maphakathi no-19 leminyaka has a inqubo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi siyenzeka. Ingqikithi yale kwakuwukuthi, ngokuvumelana nolwazi lwesayensi waqala ukuthatha balolonge izimboni ngabanye. Isisekelo kumiswa zabo futhi, eqinisweni, isizathu zokwehlukanisa kwaba ukukhethwa into, into nezindlela zocwaningo. Ngesisekelo ncenye eyala kugxile sphere ezimbili ezinkulu wokuphila kwabantu, imvelo kanye nomphakathi.

Yiziphi izizathu osenyameni evela okwakwaziwa ososayensi namuhla eyaziwa njengendlela social science? Lena ngokuyinhloko izinguquko ezenzeke umphakathi ku 16-17 leminyaka. It ke luqala lasungulwa ngesimo lapho okuye kwalondolozwa kuze kube namuhla. Ukuze esikhundleni izakhiwo ephelelwe yisikhathi temphakatsi wase kufika abantu abaningi kangangokuthi kudinga kunakwa uqobo, ngoba-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ningabi nje kuphela ukuqonda izinqubo nomphakathi, kodwa futhi ukuba ukwazi ukuphatha kwabo.

Enye kunomthelela ukuvela kwezinhlobo zalo social sciences, bekulokhu ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo ye zemvelo, okuyizinto ngandlela-thile 'sokucasuka "ukuvela kwemfundiso yokuqala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esinye sezici we okwakwaziwa ososayensi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwaba okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqonda okungokwemvelo somphakathi izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo ezaziwayo. Isici esikhethekile sale ndlela ukuthi ososayensi bezenhlalo baye bazama ukuchaza ngokuya izigaba nezindlela ngesayensi yemvelo. Khona-ke kukhona kwabantu ukuthi kumdlali - Ogyust Kont - ukuthi physics nomphakathi. Usosayensi ukutadisha umphakathi uzama ukusifaka kwi- izindlela zemvelo ngokwesayensi. Ngakho, i-social science - wuhlelo ulwazi lwesayensi eliye lakhula ngemva yemvelo (zemvelo) futhi ithuthukiswe ushukunyiswa yiwo oqondile.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-social sciences

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo yolwazi yomphakathi 19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba ngenxa isifiso ukuthola Izilawuli wazo emhlabeni oguqukayo. Isayensi, hhayi zokubhekana incazelo amaqiniso kwezenhlalo futhi izinqubo ukubona ukungalandelani futhi kulinganiselwe. Ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa social sciences ukunikeza izimpendulo eziningi yesikhathi esidlule neyamanje. izinqubo okusha kanye izenzakalo ezenzeka emhlabeni, shayela i-izindlela ezintsha wokutadisha nokusebenzisa we ubuchwepheshe bamuva kanye namasu. Konke lokhu kuvusa ukuthuthukiswa kokubili ulwazi lwesayensi bebonke, kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo ngokukhethekile.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi Umfutho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-social sciences babé zemvelo, kufanele sibone ukuthi ukuhlukanisa omunye nomunye.

Isayensi yemvelo kanye nomphakathi: kokuhle

Umehluko omkhulu, okuvumela ukuba bathi lokhu noma ukuthi ulwazi eqenjini elithile, kuba Yiqiniso, into zokutadisha. Ngamanye amazwi, lokho ukunakwa iqondiswa isayensi, kulesi simo, sphere ezimbili ezahlukene khona.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesayensi yemvelo wazithatha phambi komphakathi, futhi izindlela zabo zokubumba kwethonya ukuthuthukiswa nendlela ye esedlule. Ukuthuthukiswa Its senzeka umugqa lahlukene ekubamba ngengcondvo - ngokuqonda ukuthi izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ezizokwaziwa ahlinzekwa yi-isayensi yemvelo.

Esinye isici ukuthi igcizelela umehluko wesayensi yemvelo kanye nomphakathi, ukuqinisekisa umnqopho inqubo cognition. Esimweni sokuqala usosayensi kakusekho kuncike cwaningo, ukukubuka "kusuka ngaphandle". Esikhathini yesibili ngokuvamile kukodwa obambe iqhaza kwi-izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini. Lapha umnqopho kuqinisekiswa ukuqhathanisa amanani jikelele kanye nezinkambiso: kwamasiko, zokuziphatha, zenkolo, ezombusazwe kanye nezinye.

Yini isayensi kuhulumeni?

Vele uqaphele ukuthi kukhona ezinye nobunzima ekutholeni kuphi ubheke isayensi ethile. ulwazi lesimanje lesayensi ivame ukuba amathekhiniki okuthiwa imikhakha eyahlukene lapho isayensi ukuboleka kusuka komunye nomunye. Yingakho ngesinye isikhathi kunzima ukuba baphathe isayensi ukuba iqembu elilodwa noma kwenye: wesayensi kokubili komphakathi kanye yemvelo benezingane eziningi izici eyenza kubo.

Kusukela social sciences eyenzeke emva zemvelo, lapho besanda kuqala ngendlela, ososayensi abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlola umphakathi kanye izinqubo ezenzeka e kungenzeka, usebenzisa izindlela zemvelo ngokwesayensi. Isibonelo esiyinhloko salokhu kwabantu, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-physics nomphakathi. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa ohlelweni lwaso izindlela, nomphakathi (social) isayensi lasuka ngesayensi yemvelo.

Esinye isici ngokufanayo kwalamalungelo amagatsha yesayensi, wukuthi ngamunye izuza ulwazi ngezindlela ezifanayo, kuhlanganise:

• System izindlela zesayensi ezifana zokuqapha, yokumodela, ukuhlolwa;
• amasu logic cognition:. analysis and zamagama, lokungeniswa futhi ebanjwayo, njll;.
• ukwethembela namaqiniso esayensi, kuhleleka ukungaguquguquki yezahlulelo, ubunjalo imiqondo esetshenziswa nokugasela ngamandla izincazelo zabo.

Futhi, kokubili mkhakha wesayensi enifana kuyinto ihluke kanjani nezinye izinhlobo kanye namafomu yolwazi: semthethweni futhi ukungaguquguquki we wathola ulwazi, umnqopho, nokunye ..

Uhlelo lolwazi yisayensi ngezingozi umphakathi

Isiqalo nesigcino sciences ukutadisha umphakathi ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganiswe zibe munye, okuthiwa Awokwezenhlalo. Lokhu isiyalo, ngokuba eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikuvumela ukudala nolwazi oluyisisekelo lokuthi umphakathi kanye endaweni yomuntu kuwo. Kumiswa It is ngesisekelo ulwazi emikhakheni lehlukene umsebenzi womuntu: Umnotho, ezombusazwe, isiko, Psychology nabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, i-social science - luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe ka-social sciences, ukwakha umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu into eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene kangaka, njengoba umphakathi, indima kanye umsebenzi the human lapho.

Ukwahlukanisa Social Sciences

Ngesisekelo lokho social sciences ezihlobene kunoma yiliphi izinga ulwazi mayelana inkampani noma ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo, abacwaningi wawahlukanisa amaqembu amaningana:

• Eyokuqala ihlanganisa lezo nesayensi ukunikeza umqondo jikelele emphakathini, imithetho sokuthuthuka, yezingxenye esemqoka, njll (kwabantu, ifilosofi) ..;
• wesibili ihlanganisa lezo eyala ukuthi uhlole ohlangothini omunye umphakathi (ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, isiko, izimiso zokuziphatha, njll ...);
• iqembu lesithathu lihlanganisa isayensi ukuthi igcwale zonke izindawo umphakathi ekuphileni (umlando, umthetho).

Kwesinye isikhathi social sciences ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili: kwezenhlalo futhi zezenhlalakahle. Bobabili kuhlobene, ngoba ngandlela-thile ezihlobene inkampani. Eyokuqala ephawula regularities jikelele iningi izinqubo nomphakathi, kanye yesibili ezingeni subjective okuyinto uhlola womuntu yayo amagugu, babehlanganisa imiklamo, imigomo, izinhloso kanye t. D.

Ngakho-ke, kungase kubonise ukuthi le-social sciences batadisha nomphakathi uwonke, ngokubanzi, njengengxenye kulomhlaba, kodwa futhi emincane - ezingeni wombuso, isizwe, umndeni, izinhlangano noma amaqembu omphakathi.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke-social sciences

Njengoba sazi ukuthi umphakathi wanamuhla iyisici eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene, ukuyihlola kohlaka isiyalo olulodwa akunakwenzeka. Lesi simo zingachazwa ngezinqubo yokuthi isibalo ubudlelwano kanye nokuxhumana emphakathini wanamuhla omkhulu. Sonke ubuso ezimpilweni zethu izimbulunga ezifana umnotho, ezombusazwe, umthetho, isiko, ulimi, umlando, njll Konke lokhu ukwehluka siwukubonakaliswa ecacile indlela okudingeka bashintshashintshe ngayo umphakathi wanamuhla ... Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuletha okungenani 10 social sciences, ngamunye esibonakala by yimuphi omunye amaqembu emphakathini: kwabantu, wezifundo zezombusazwe, umlando, ezomnotho, nomthetho, pedagogy, izifundo zamasiko, Psychology, geography, anthropology.

Akungabazeki ukuthi umthombo oyinhloko ulwazi mayelana inkampani kwabantu. Lokho elikwembulayo okushiwo kule nto enezici zokutadisha. Futhi namhlanje, udumo ngokwanele atholwe wezifundo zezombusazwe, okuyinto ephawula sphere zezombusazwe.

Umthetho ikuvumela ukuba ufunde indlela ukuze alawule ubudlelwane emphakathini ngosizo imithetho yokuziphatha livikeleke lwemtsetfo isimo. A kwengqondo ikuvumela ukuba wenze lokhu ngosizo nezinye izindlela, ukutadisha Psychology isixuku, amaqembu kanye nabantu.

Ngakho, ngamunye nezifundo social 10 uhlola inkampani ngesandla sakhe usebenzisa izindlela zabo.

Scientific Publications, ishicilela Ukutadisha social sciences

Omunye edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa kukamagazini i- "Social Science kanye yesimanjemanje". Lokhu iyona enye yezincwadi ezimbalwa, okuvumela ukuba ahlangane nalowo anhlobonhlobo izindawo ezahlukene yesayensi yanamuhla emphakathini. Kukhona izihloko ngomlando kanye kwabantu, wezifundo zezombusazwe kanye nefilosofi, ucwaningo, ephakamisela le nkinga yepulani kwamasiko nezingokwengqondo.

Isici esiyinhloko ukushicilelwa ukuthi kungenzeka yokuhlala uphinde uhlole ucwaningo imikhakha eyahlukene, owawuseHholo zemigwaqo emikhakheni ehlukene kwezesayensi. Namuhla izwe globalizing izimfuno zawo: usosayensi kufanele aphume nokuzabalaza emincane umkhakha wabo futhi acabangele mikhuba intuthuko ezweni emphakathini njengesakhamuzi esihlelekile umzimba owodwa.