Isakhiwo ubugebengu eRussia

являются предметом изучения множества наук. Concept, isakhiwo zobugebengu ayisihloko sebuningini Sciences. Ngaphakathi i-discipline ngayine ihlaziya izici ezithile lomkhuba. Umgomo oyinhloko ucwaningo ukuthuthukisa izindlela eziphumelelayo yokulwa nobugebengu. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuhlinzekwa izindawo ezibalulekile, imigomo isho, izinhlelo zemisebenzi, nokuthuthukisa komthetho kanye nokuvinjelwa. . Ukuze ukuhlaziywa, ahlukahlukene imithombo yokwaziswa, lapho kubonakala isimo, isakhiwo, Dynamics ubugebengu. Sabe sibuke letincenye ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuhlobana umbuzo

Ubugebengu iyisici eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlalo-zomthetho ngokomlando oluyingozi. Kumiswa It is sesethi izenzo izimisele esikhathini esithile e-State, esifundeni noma emhlabeni. Ubugebengu ifaka izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo zibonisa izici ambalwa lomkhuba, elinye - eliphezulu. . Lesi sakamuva, isibonelo, zihlanganisa lobugebengu isakhiwo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isifundo zalesi simo Kwenziwa ngaphakathi sciences ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho lobugebengu unikeza ziqu izenzo ezithile, Ikhodi icacisa inqubo nokuhleleka uphenyo. Forensics uhlola izindlela ukuqoqa base ubufakazi, ukuxazulula ubugebengu. Psychiatry futhi imithi forensic ukufunda impendulo kanye nomthelela esimweni ukoniwa ndaba. Sociology ukucacisa banendawo futhi kuneqhaza abalibambile lomkhuba futhi izingxenye zalo empilweni emphakathini. izibalo Legal ukunikeza ukwephula zokubala izinyathelo ukuze akuqede. Lolu cwaningo imihlola libhekene multidimensional.

imithombo yokwaziswa

– важнейшие категории в анализе. Level, isakhiwo, Dynamics ubugebengu - isigaba ebalulekile ukuhlaziywa. Ukuze ucwaninge ngempumelelo oludingekayo ekukhetheni imithombo efanele ukuthi ukwethula nemingcele zamanje. Ukuhlaziywa kolwazi ingatholakala:

1. Imibiko kwezibalo.
2. Ikhadi akhawunti eyinhloko.
3. izibalo Socio-ukubalwa kwabantu, kwezomnotho, kanye nezinye.
4. Generalizing mathiriyeli emacala ebugebengu izinsolo zobugebengu.
5. Imiphumela yocwaningo zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo.
6. idatha Survey iziboshwa.
7. Imiphumela kokuma futhi ucwaningo.

imibiko ezibalo

находится в сфере внимания правоохранительных органов. Ubugebengu isakhiwo eRussia e kwagxilwa kokugcinwa komthetho. Wezangaphakathi, Office Lomshushisi nezinye izikhungo bakha imibiko lwezibalo izenzo bhalisiwe, abantu ababeke wabafaka. imisebenzi efanayo eyenziwa izinkantolo kanye neziphathimandla zokwahlulela. Le mibiko ahlinzeke ngolwazi lwezibalo ukubunjwa yiziboshwa, inani izinhlangano ehilelekile umthwalo, izinhlawulo.

amakhadi okubika

Lezi zincwadi zibonisa ulwazi mayelana ubugebengu ethize futhi isakhamuzi aphinga ke. I-akhawunti yekhadi inikeza ulwazi ngaphezu umbiko kwezibalo. Kumiswa mithandazo ngesisekelo idatha eyinhloko. Nokho, umbiko kwezibalo likhona-30% we ulwazi kuboniswe ekhadini.

generalizing izinto

Emacala ebugebengu, imibhalo, izicelo kungase zihlolwe ngokukhetha noma ngendlela eqhubekayo. Kugcine yiqiniso endabeni lapho inombolo encane ubugebengu. cwaningo okukhethwayo kuhilela ukusungulwa inamba yezimo, ekutholweni usayizi isampula. Kunoma ikuphi, umgomo wokuhlaziya izinto kumele baqinisekise representativeness. Lokhu kudinga isampula quota. Ngenxa yakhe yembula Ingxenye izenzo ezithile e isakhiwo jikelele ubugebengu.

Eminye imithombo: isici

анализируются по ведомственным и государственным статистическим материалам. Izinga zobugebengu iphethini ihlaziya ngoba izibalo zomnyango futhi uhulumeni. Bona, ngokukhethekile, aqukethe ulwazi mayelana yezidakamizwa notshwala, abantu ngaphandle endaweni ehlala njalo lapho uhlala khona. Imibiko enjalo liqukethe ulwazi mayelana namacala ahlukahlukene. Izinkomba of zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu, izibalo kwezomnotho zisetshenziselwa ukubala izinga zobugebengu.

ubudisi bagadesi

в статистических отчетах, учетных документах отражены неполно. Naphezu inani kunalokho umxhwele imithombo, isakhiwo kanye namandla okubakhona ubugebengu yezibalo, accounting imibhalo aqukethe akuphelele. Zisekelwe idatha ukubhalisa eziphathelene nezici eziqondile zokuziphatha. Ikakhulu, i-amaqiniso ngokwabo elotshiwe ngqo sobugebengu, umuntu bewuthwala, isisulu kanye nenani umonakalo. Ukuhlaziywa kolwazi kanye nedatha izibalo beshiyeka ngendlela edabukisayo ukucacisa izimbangela lomkhuba, ukuthuthukiswa izinyathelo umsindo ukuze zilwe nabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kubonakala ezibalweni akuyona yonke ubugebengu. Kukhona ezifihliwe, esicashile amshiye. Izibalo zibonisa kuphela isibalo izinhlangano zikhonjwe nomthetho abenza proven icala. Inani is zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:

1. Amabhizinisi emthwalweni sezomthetho mayelana nesigameko izimo ngenxa non-nokuvuselelwa izinto KDN nokunye.
2. Izakhamizi uma izenzo okuyinto ithunyelwa inkantolo. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa kokubili abantu ukhululiwe futhi yicala, kanye nalabo esikhiqiza ukuze amacala awo sinqanyuliwe noma kudinga uphenyo.

State isakhiwo ubugebengu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, njengokuba nikwenzile komunye lokhu mkhuba wenziwa izici qualitative ambalwa. представляет собой параметр, отражающий долю и соотношение разных типов деяний в совокупном их количестве за конкретный временной промежуток на данной территории. isakhiwo Ubugebengu limelela ipharamitha sibonakalisa ingxenyenamba kanye isilinganiso izinhlobo ezahlukene zenzo isamba kubo isikhathi isikhathi ethize indawo inikezwe. Lokhu ubuningi buyimfanelo ambalwa. Isici esiyinhloko yokuhlaziya uhlobo ubugebengu. Isakhiwo kunqunywa ngokuqhathanisa amaqembu ehlukene izenzo differentiable zindlela criminological noma zomthetho. Njengoba kuboniswa khona okunjalo, isibonelo, yilezi:

1. umumo nokuzikhuthaza kanye nomphakathi.
2. Komphakathi kanye neqembu kwengoma.
3. Imvelo kanye degree of ingozi.
4. Ukuthula yesenzo sobugebengu.

Ngokuhambisana nalezi zindlela, amaqembu yezenzo:

1. Economic.
2. Political.
3. Kuhlelwe.
4. Environmental.
5. Obunodlame.
6. Ubugovu.
7. Ngu izikhulu.
8. Inkohlakalo.
9. Kutibophelela ngamasosha.
10. Abangaqaphile.
11. Made by abesifazane.
12. Nezenzakalo.
13. Kutibophelela abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18.

amapharamitha Key

определяется по качественно-количественной характеристике общественной опасности, особенностей, имеющих значение в процессе организации профилактических мероприятий и дифференциации практики использования уголовно-правовых средств и мер. isakhiwo Ubugebengu kunqunywa kwebalingisi qualitative ambalwa of ingozi emphakathini, efanele ikakhulukazi inhlangano izinyathelo, kanye kwamangqamuzana ukusetshenziswa lobugebengu umthetho izindlela kanye izinyathelo. Amapharamitha ezinkulu yilezi:

1. Isilinganiso amandla awo izenzo.
2. Ukuqhathanisa nokungena ku ngezigaba sinikezwa engxenyeni esikhethekile umthetho lobugebengu.
3. Ingxenye ukwephula ezivamile.
4. Isilinganiso amaqembu ubugebengu ngesikhathi linqoba orientation ugqozi. Ngalo mqondo ukuhlukanisa budedengu, zobugovu kanye nabanye.
5. деяний, совершенных лицами до 18 лет. isisindo Ahlala Kuyo isakhiwo amacala uzibophezele abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala.
6. Abelana lokushaya iqembu. . Phakathi nalesi sigaba sichaza isakhiwo ezigelekeqe.
7. ukushaya Street.
8. izenzo YeSizwe.
9. Intengo Ubugebengu.
10. Abelana izenzo okubangelwa ukushushumbiswa emthethweni izikhali.
11. I isabelo ngangibuye ngihluleke.
12. OyiSabelo izenzo ezihlobene izidakamizwa.
13. Geography zobugebengu. Siyakwazi ikakhulukazi ukubona ukuphenya ukusatshalaliswa izenzo by esifundeni kanye nohlobo zokuphatha amayunithi indawo.

ukuhlaziya

будет изучена настолько глубоко, насколько точно будут определены основания исследования. isakhiwo Ubugebengu atawutadishelwa ngezizathu zocwaningo ngokujulile njengoba ngokunembile kungachazwa. Cabangela nasi isibonelo. Ake sithi sihlaziye isakhiwo engamahlongandlebe. Uma zonke izenzo abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 sithathwa 100%, bese embule isithakazelo sabo ngokuhambisana ukusatshalaliswa indawo, ungasetha izifunda ethize ngazo ezivamile. Ngokufanayo, ihlaziya isakhiwo ubugebengu engamahlongandlebe endaweni ethile. Ukuthatha njengoba 100% izenzo zembula namaqembu omphakathi kanye nobudala nobugebengu futhi esiphezulu, ngokulandelana, wahlanganyela ku inombolo enkulu imizamo. Ukuze sithole Ingxenye a uhlobo lwe eyodwa, zinhlobo noma izinhlobo zobugebengu, kufanele usebenzise ezothando ezilandelayo:

C = u: V x 100%, lapho

• izenzo share - C;
• U - ukubaluleka olulodwa uhlobo, uhlobo, zinhlobo yokungena ensimini ka nenkathi ethile;
• V - ivolumu izenzo ezingekho emthethweni endaweni ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Imvelo lomkhuba

Iveza yisabelo izenzo eziyingozi kakhulu. Le nkomba futhi ephawula abantu abenza ubugebengu. Ngokusho lesi sici ke kunqunywa degree of ingozi ngokuhambisana Ingxenye okuphula labizwa ngokuthi "okukhulu" nangokuthi "esinzulu". amandla adonsela phansi ethize ibalwa ngokuvumelana kwesibalo:

D = u: V x 100%, lapho

• D - ingxenyenamba yokungena sina;
• u - nenani izenzo ezinjalo;
• V - ukubaluleka kokuzindla ngakho inani eliphelele amacala amabi kakhulu.

geography

Inani ezibalulekile has Ubugebengu kokwabiwa ezifundeni ezahlukene. Indawo yokungena limelela isikhala-time ipharamitha. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso imininingwane ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ezweni elithile, amayunithi yayo zokuphatha elinabantu, isimo sawo futhi sokuxazulula emhlabathini. On ukusatshalaliswa okuyo futhi ehlaselwe uhlobo inhlangano impilo yezakhamuzi, izimo zazo phakathi komsebenzi nokuphila, amasiko nokungcebeleka, kazwelonke kanye namasiko zomlando.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma sihlaziya izibalo phezu ephansi futhi eliphakeme ukukhula rate eqoshiwe (kubhaliswe) izitatimende mayelana izigameko eziningana izifunda of Russia, kuyoba ngokucacile kube sobala ukuthi iMari El iminyaka eminingi kuthatha indawo ehamba phambili in ukushuba esiphezulu yobugebengu. Ngokuphambene, ngokuvumelana emizimbeni ezimali Karachay-Cherkessia isimo ophumelelako. Indawo ekhethekile ukusatshalaliswa indawo isakhiwo ehlasela futhi Dynamics ubugebengu. Geography amaqembu ahlukene nokungena ku sabo umthamo isamba noma yibuphi ububi obenzile e nezinga lokukhula / ukwehla ikuvumela ukusetha kubalulekile ngokuya criminological amashifu, kanye izimbangela zazo.

Kuhlola izinguquko yesikhashana

Dynamics ubugebengu - ipharamitha ukuthi ibonisa izinguquko isakhiwo ubugebengu for predetermined kathi. Lokhu kungaba inkathi omunye, ezintathu, emihlanu, iminyaka eyishumi, nokunye. , находится под влиянием факторов, объединенных в две группы. izinguquko lesikhashana ezibhekene isakhiwo ubugebengu kuthonywa izici, kuhlangene ngamaqembu amabili. Imibandela imaging kuqala futhi izizathu ukwenza kabi, Ukwakheka lokubala ubuningi babantu sabantu kanye nezinye ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile nezinqubo. Eqenjini lesibili kukhona izinguquko umthetho lobugebengu, ngenxa okuyinto eyenza ibe banzi noma unciphise ububanzi icala ngokungadingekile futhi isilungisiwe kwebalingisi kanye ngezigaba yokungena.

I kwezibalo isithombe

Esikhathini ukuhlaziya Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile yilona kwamangqamuzana yezici zomthetho kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu ngokwahlukana kuyadingeka ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa ongokoqobo izinguquko Dynamics ubugebengu futhi Izibikezelo. Ngezelela noma ukwehla nobugebengu kungenxa yezimo ezingafani. Dynamics ithonya ushintsho kwezenhlalo e isakhiwo kanye nezinga ubugebengu, futhi izinguquko zomthetho ukuze izici esemthethweni kwe-copyright. Isithombe kwezibalo nayo ezihlobene nekusebenta izinyathelo ezihlose kusenesikhathi futhi ukubhaliswa kwamatayitela, ukuvezwa yabo kanye nokusungulwa lesimbi, ukuqinisekisa kwesiphetho isijeziso.

amazinga ukukhula

Basuke ibalwa ngokuhambisana eziyisisekelo Dynamics nemingcele. Idatha iminyaka eminingi eqhathaniswa njalo. Njengoba injena ngenani lezehlakalo zobugebengu esikhathini sokuqala. Le nqubo yenza kube lula ukuqinisekisa comparability imingcele isihlobo - amaphesenti isilinganiso sibonakalisa isimo okwalandela zinkathi nabangcwele odlule. I-100% ukusebenza yokuqala konyaka. Zonke nezikhathi okwalandela ukubonisa kuphela ukwanda ngamaphesenti. Ukusebenzisa idatha isihlobo aqede udaba yokuxhumana amanani wokukhuphuka noma ukwehla elinabantu ukuthi ifinyelele iminyaka kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa izinhlawulo lobugebengu. Ukwanda ivolumu ubugebengu wezwakalisa njengoba amaphesenti futhi has uphawu, ukwehla a "+" - "-".

umfutho

Lesi sici lubonakaliswa inani okuphula lentiwe ngemalunga zabo maqondana nenani labantu ethile (10 noma 100 ayizinkulungwane izakhamuzi, isibonelo). Amandla ubonisa izinga ubugebengu isenzo sobugebengu zezikhonzi. Uhlaziyo kufanele bacabangele eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Into yokuqala acabangele ukuthi ukufakwa wonkana awukwazi kubhekwe ngokuphelele lesifanele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulesi simo, inani lobugebengu yayiyobizwa kulinganiswe bangakunaki izakhamuzi, angakawamukeli efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala lapho izinhlawulo lobugebengu kubo ingasetshenziswa, kanye izihloko abaneminyaka engama-60. Lesi sakamuva, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, akuzona izenzo zobugebengu kakhulu. Ngakho, lezi zigaba zabantu kufanele ayifakiwe ukubala. Factor kunqunywa esekelwe labantu, ubhekwa umgomo ngaphezulu hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi wafana. It ikuvumela ukuba uqhathanise ubugebengu emazweni ahlukahlukene, izifunda, namadolobha. Lokhu Coefficient kuyinto ipharamitha umgomo. Lokho kwenza ukuhlolwa ongakhethi ngaphezulu ezingeni Dynamics kuchazwe ngenani izakhamuzi.

Isakhiwo obugebengu obuhleliwe

ukuhlaselwa Iqembu ngezigaba emacaleni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi multi-level. AI izikweletu bacelwa ukuba abone emazingeni amathathu ahlukene zobugebengu ezifana:

1. Lower. Kulelizinga, yize isenzo esenziwa abahlelekile lwabantu, kodwa naphezu nokubumbana ke ayinayo eyinkimbinkimbi. Eqenjini akukho ukusatshalaliswa esicacile imisebenzi abaphathi kanye abaphathi.
2. Izinga lesibili libhekene ukwakhiwa phezulu amaqembu amaningi, futhi nhlanganisela yabo kwakhiwa kwezinye izimo. Isici esiphawulekayo lokhu inhlangano ukuthi ngenkuthalo esiphazamisayo e tikhungo tetenhlalo ukuzisebenzisela izinjongo lobugebengu.
3. On imvelo lobugebengu kudalwa ezingeni lesithathu. abaholi Iqembu bamunye umphakathi. Kulesi sigaba iphela isiqondiso legatsha imisebenzi bendabuko kanye iqhaza ngqo of isenzo esithile. Abaholi kulesi simo ngokuvamile akukuningi yini okuhilelekile kulobu bugebengu. Batfutfukisa inkambo ezivamile action, amasu kanye nokuhlinzeka ukusekelana.

Tincenye izakhiwo kungenziwa imelelwa inhlanganisela izixhumanisi zalo: ukuphathwa yenhlangano, nasizayo kokwenza.

INGEMUVA okhulisa kriminogennosti

Kule minyaka eminyakeni embalwa, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kokugcinwa komthetho isakhiwo edonsela ubugebengu obunobudlova. Abanye ochwepheshe zinombono wokuthi umsuka lezi ukuhlaselwa zisekelwe ikakhulukazi ukungalingani isimo ngabanye namaqembu athile ohlelweni nomphakathi. Lokhu, ngokusho kongoti simenza Abashisekeli kanye nodlame. Kukhula ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kungenxa:

1. Ukuwohloka abalulekile isimo emphakathini.
2. Okulokhu kuphazamiseka ngasizathu simbe, ukuhamba emphakathini.

Ukuwohloka emphakathini okuholela igebe phakathi izifiso langempela kanye amathuba ukwandisa e uquqaba ezimbi. Lokhu, yakha phansi ukukhula inani izingxabano criminogenic ukuthi ziyaxazululwa esebenzisa udlame.

isiphetho

ingozi esesidlangalaleni izakhamuzi eziningi ingenye izinsongo eziphawuleka kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwethonya abaningi bakhathazekile ababuthakathaka futhi kukhungathekise. Ngenxa yokwethuka demoralizes umuntu okwenza kube yahluleka ukumelana nezinkinga. Isimo lobugebengu okukhona namuhla, namanje simanzonzo. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi izinga ubugebengu kuthonywa kuwukuphikisana ekhona emphakathini.

Esikhathini izincwadi, kukhona umbono ngokungachemi ezimisiwe izimo ezingezinhle emphakathini yilabo ezizathwini ezimbi, okuyizinto ezihlobene ukukhula nobugebengu. Abaphikisi lesi sitatimende, zibuye esivuna Eqinisweni ngokuthi yizici zangaphandle babodvwa ngeke bakhone zisenza sibe ubugebengu. Ngakho, izimo zenhlalo akuzona nezimbangela zayo. izici ezingaphandle kuphela neqhaza ikhomishana amacala. Lesi siphetho ayethanda ngenhlonipho ngokuphula umthetho ethize.

Eqinisweni, ubugebengu ingekho ngaphandle intando umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo izimo ezifanayo zenhlalo, hhayi wonke umuntu ekhetha ikusasa lobugebengu bona. Ukuwela imvelo lobugebengu obala ikakhulukazi labo obungefani ezithile ukwazi kwezomthetho. Nazo ngokufanayo, zibangelwa kwamaphutha wemfundo zakuqala. Kulo mongo, okunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi izimbangela sobugebengu abumane kwelinye esiteji hhayi ngaphansi kwethonya iqembu izimo, futhi lonke iqoqo izici, futhi isikhathi kuqhathaniswa eside.