Isakhiwo imbewu. isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle imbewu

Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka esikoleni uyazi Botany (Libanga 6) isakhiwo imbewu kwaba kahle elula futhi esimnandi indaba ephathwayo. Eqinisweni, isitho okuzala zalesi sihlahla kuwumphumela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eside, futhi likwazi isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyingqayizivele. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izici izakhi zalo kwesakhiwo, isakhiwo bipartite imbewu, kanye nokuchaza indima begazi imbewu isitshalo.

Ukuvela imbewu ngokuhamba kwemvelo

Izitshalo abazange bahlale uyakwazi ukwakha imbewu. It is ukuthi ukuphila kwaqala emanzini eyaziwa, kanti nezitshalo bokuqala babefana nje izimila zasolwandle. Babefanele isakhiwo bakudala futhi ezala vegetatively - izingxenye thallus, futhi usebenzisa amaseli mobile ezikhethekile - zoospores. Eyokuqala ukuza ezweni steel Rhyniophyta. Bona, nabalandeli babo esizayo - izitshalo spore ephakeme ezifuywa esebenzisa ezinhlamvu. Kodwa sokuthuthukiswa la mangqamuzana ezikhethekile ezidingekayo amanzi. Ngakho-ke, uma izimo zemvelo ukushintsha, futhi yehlise izinombolo zabo.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaba ukuvela imbewu. Kwaba kuyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili ngoba lithathelwe futhi okusheshayo kwezinhlobo eziningi isitshalo. Zangaphakathi nezangaphandle isakhiwo imbangela Ukuvikelwa imbewu umbungu lizungezwe amanzi nezakhi. Ngakho, ukwandisa ubungqabavu nokwehluka izitshalo iplanethi.

Inqubo imbewu ukwakheka

Cabanga loluhlelo isibonelo iqembu izitshalo ukuthi kuleli zwe lanamuhla yiyona evelele. Ziyakwazi abameleli uMnyango Angiosperms. Bonke bakha imbali - isitho ezibaluleke kakhulu okuzala. Kuyinto amaqanda pestle, stamens futhi anthers aqukethe isidoda. Ngemva impova, okungukuthi edlulisela impova kusuka anther yenhlamba stamens, isidoda lwegciwane tube ezihambelayo esibelethweni, stamens, lapho inqubo Fusion gametes - kokukhulelwa. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka umbungu. Ngezinye confluence nge isidoda yesibili emaphakathi lwegciwane iseli kwakheka izakhi sokuphumula. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-endosperm. Ucedzela isakhiwo imbewu igobolondo eliqinile yangaphandle. Lesi sakhiwo yisona asisekelo sekutfutfukisa ikusasa umzimba isitshalo.

I Sakhiwo sangaphandle imbewu

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngaphandle imbewu embozwe isikhumba. Kuyinto obukhulu ngokwanele ukuvikela umbungu ongaphakathi, ekulimaleni mechanical, kushintsha izinga lokushisa kanye Ukungena nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Kodwa umbala imbewu sehluka kakhulu: kusuka abansundu okukhanyayo. Lesi sakhiwo imbewu zingachazwa kalula. Kwezinye izitshalo umbala ukhonza ukuze kungabonakali. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ayikwazanga uwabone enhlabathini emva kokutshala. Okunye izitshalo, kunalokho, ingashintshwa ukuze ukusabalala imbewu esebenzisa zezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Bekanye ukudla undigested izinsalela bona unekhemikhali kubo ngalé uhla ekukhuleni kwesitshalo umama.

I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi imbewu

The main okuyingxenye kuyinto imbewu kwanoma imuphi umbungu. Lona umzimba esilandelayo. Ngakho-ke, it siqukethe izingxenye efanayo njengoba lesi sitshalo omdala. Lokhu-embryonic impande, kuba isihloko sesiqu, leaf futhi gemmule. Isakhiwo imbewu zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene kungaba eyehlukile kakhulu. Iningi labo reserve izakhamzimba buthelela ku endosperm. Lokhu emgodleni ukuthi izungeza umbungu emhlabeni, ukuvikela kanye okunomsoco ke phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ekuthuthukiseni abantu. Kodwa kukhona izimo lapho, ngesikhathi yokuvuthwa kanye nenqubo imbewu ukuhluma, ibusa ngokuphelele lwalezozinto endosperm. Khona-ke bandisa ikakhulukazi nenyama umbungu. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi cotyledons. isakhiwo esinjalo ekuso, isibonelo, ithanga noma ubhontshisi. Futhi lapha e esikhwameni reserve sikamalusi izinto bagxila kule izicubu empandeni embryonic. imbewu ehlukile izitshalo bezinhlanga ezahlukene taxonomic.

Izici imbewu gymnosperms

isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle yenzalo ka leli qembu eziphilayo libhekene ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano umbungu kwenzeka phezu imbewu elingenamikhono. Ngaphandle izingxenye eziyinhloko, imbewu gymnosperms abe iphiko yayifanekisela nomxhantela membranous. Kuyasiza ukusakaza imbewu yalezi izitshalo ngosizo umoya.

Esinye isici imbewu gymnosperms ubude kumiswa yabo. Ukuze abenze iphila, Kumelwe athathe ezinyangeni ezine kuya eminyakeni emithathu. Imbewu nokuvuthwa inqubo kwenzeka in the Izigaxa. Lokhu akulona izithelo. Bayisibonelo ukuguqulwa olukhethekile beqa. Enye imbewu Izigaxa coniferous ingagcinwa iminyaka leminyenti. Konke lokhu sikhathi iphila. Imbewu kuwele phansi, ishq uhlevane ubuyona. abakudobile umoya, ngezinye izikhathi ekhuthazelela olude. Uma izigaxa elithambile, efana nuts, abazi ubuyona, futhi ngosizo izinyoni. Ikakhulukazi uthande ukuzitika on imbewu izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba surto. Futhi lo mkhakha emnyangweni Izindawo abameleli Gymnosperms.

kakhulu Igama lalesi iyunithi ehlelekile ubonisa ukuthi umbungu zalesi sihlahla esizayo ayiqondakali evikelwe. Ngempela, ukuba khona endosperm kuqinisekisa kuphela ekuthuthukiseni imbewu. Kodwa izitshalo eziningi efihlekile wembula phakathi kwezimo ezingezinhle wentuthuko. Uma phezu kwenhlabathi, imbewu bavezwa okushisa aphansi kanye nokuntuleka umswakama, ngakho akuwona wonke ziqhume bese kuphakame isitshalo entsha.

Izici imbewu nezitshalo eziqhakazayo

Njengoba kuqhathaniswa gymnosperms, abameleli umnyango izimbali benezingane eziningi Izinzuzo ebaluleke. Kumiswa imbewu senzeka amaqanda izimbali. Lena ingxenye enwetshiwe iningi pistil, okuyinto kuphakamisa izithelo. Ngenxa yalokho, imbewu ukuthuthukisa ngaphakathi kubo. Bona azungeza izingqimba ezintathu we pericarp, okuyinto zingafani izakhiwo zabo nemisebenzi. Cabanga ngesibonelo sika-isakhiwo drupes yabo plums. Obunesikhumba olwelwesini zivikela umonakalo mechanical, ukuhlinzeka ubuqotho. Isilinganiso agcwele amanzi futhi meaty. It uyasondla embungwini inikeza umswakama ezidingekayo. Isendlalelo kwangaphakathi yisizwe esintamo isivikelo. Ngenxa yalokho, imbewu kufanele zonke izimo ludingeka ekuthuthukisweni kanye ukuhluma, ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.

Imbewu monocots

Isakhiwo imbewu monocot ukunquma kalula kakhulu. nucleus yabo siqukethe cotyledon eyodwa kuphela. Lezi zingxenye abizwa ngokuthi izingqimba zamagciwane. izitshalo Monocotyledonous konke umndeni okusanhlamvu, onion Liliaceae. Uma imbewu isiqhuma corn noma kakolweni ngokushesha phezu kwenhlabathi yokusanhlamvu ngamunye Kumiswa kwenye amapheshana. Lona cotyledons. Sazama ukwehlukana uhlamvu irayisi izingxenye eziningana? Ngokwemvelo, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwakheka it is a umbungu cotyledons olulodwa.

Imbewu dicotyledons

Imbewu umndeni Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Ubhontshisi, Iklabishi nabanye abaningi kancane ezahlukene isakhiwo. Ngisho esekelwe igama, ungakwazi ukuqagela ukuthi umbungu yabo ine cotyledons ezimbili. Lena isici esiyinhloko ehlelekile. Isakhiwo imbewu dicot kulula ukubona ngeso lenyama. Ngokwesibonelo, imbewu sunflower kalula ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo. Lena cotyledons wakhe we-embryo. isakhiwo Bipartite imbewu kungabonwa amahlumela amasha. Zama ekhaya iqhume imbewu emabhontjisi ezivamile. Futhi uzobona carpel ezimbili, elizovela ngaphezu komhlabathi.

Imigomo imbewu ukuhluma

Isakhiwo imbewu izitshalo dicotyledonous, kanye nabamele amanye amayunithi taxonomic zombuso nemvelo, kuholela ukuba khona zonke izinto ezidingekayo ekwakhekeni umbungu. Kodwa ezidingekile ukuhluma nezinye izimo. Ukuze isitshalo ngasinye, sihluke ngokuphelele. Okokuqala, lokushisa echaziwe. Ukuze izitshalo ukushisa-onothando degrees 10 Celsius. Kodwa ukolweni ebusika ucala kutfutfukisa at + 1. Amanzi nakho kubalulekile. Ngenxa yokusanhlamvu kwakhe ichichima, esheshisa kwezimila futhi umzimba. kudlule izakhi kwifomu lapho bangakwazi ukulolongwa yi-fetus. Ukuba khona emoyeni kanye nenani ezanele kwelanga - izimo ezimbili imbewu ukuhluma futhi nokuthuthukiswa zalesi sihlahla, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo photosynthesis engenakwenzeka.

Imbewu kanye izithelo

izithelo ngasinye siqukethe imbewu. Isakhiwo izitshalo ephakeme, imbewu basuke kucishe. Kodwa izithelo zahlukahlukene ngaphezulu. Ukwabela izithelo ezomile kanye namanzi. Ahluke isakhiwo izingqimba, okuyinto ahlelwe emhlabeni imbewu. Kwelinye zamatshe namanzi pericarp esinamanzi ngempela. Plum, zamapetshisi, apula, raspberry, sitrobheli ... Lezi izibiliboco abathandwa zonke kungenxa yokuthi kukhona namanzi futhi amnandi. Ngo izithelo ezomisiwe pericarp obunesikhumba noma elukhuni. Ingaphandle lawo kuvame yindikimba, enokwethenjelwa ivikela imbewu ngaphakathi. Boll poppy pod lwesinaphi, ukolo Weevil babe ngokunembile lesi sakhiwo.

Iqhaza begazi imbewu

Izitshalo eziningi emhlabeni isetshenziselwa imbewu ukubuyabuyelela. Isakhiwo izimila eziveza imbewu yesimanje - umphumela kwemvelo eside. Lezi zitho okuzala aqukethe igciwane bese bebeka izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula nokwakheka kwalo, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle. Imbewu amadivayisi ukusatshalaliswa, okwandisa ithuba lokusinda futhi zisakaza.

Ngakho, imbewu kuwumphumela inqubo kokukhulelwa. Kuyinto isakhiwo ehlanganisa i-embryo, esikhundleni ejenti kanye peels zokuzivikela. Zonke izici zayo ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile, lapho iqembu izitshalo imbewu esesikhundleni evelele emhlabeni.