INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-European Union: iphi ukubunjwa, amandla

Abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi bafuna yokuhlanganisa. Leli qiniso kuqinisekiswa enomlando omude wokukhonza kumiswa isimo ozelwe imindeni kanye-ekhona tribal noma imiphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunwetshwa zokwakheka yezenhlalakahle ukuba sidlule siye sabonisa ukusebenza izinhlangano womuntu, esizibonakalisa inqubo ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Kodwa nokudidiyela imisebenzi uquqaba - ngisho theory njengento esisebenzayo, ezidinga ngokujulile nekuhlolana izixazululo tekusebenta.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi umphakathi akuyona eyohlobo. Lihlanganisa abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene yobuhlanga, izinkolo, izinhlanga, njll kufanele iphathwe ngesisekelo ithonya jikelele. Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukuba iqondise emphakathini wonke, hhayi amaqembu ngabanye. Kwaphela isikhathi eside abantu asikwazanga ukuthola ofanele Regulator of social ubudlelwane. Nokho, ezifana nomthetho, ukuphumelela okwandisa usuku ngalunye oludlulayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezweni lanamuhla usezuze unelungelo izinhlobo ezimbalwa amagatsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfanekiso wanoma esigabeni ihlanganisa abadlali ahlukahlukene. Nokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umthetho EU (European Union). Lesi sakhiwo iletha inqwaba iziqondiso. Kulokhu, EU zasungula indlela enamandla ngokwanele ukuvikela amalungelo izifundo kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo ukwephula. Lo msebenzi unikeza iNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-European Union, mayelana nezici kanye nokusebenza iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kamuva esihlokweni.

EU - umqondo kanye nokusungulwa

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-European Union - lena kuphela umzimba ogama khona kungenxa yokuba khona supergosudarstvennoy isakhiwo ebanzi. Okunjalo namuhla European Union. Enkabeni yalo, i-EU - uwukuhlangana kwezomnotho nezombusazwe emazweni sidaliwe ekuhleleni umsebenzi jikelele futhi sifinyelele imigomo ethile.

ukusebenza kwenhlangano ka-European Union kuba ezingeni kahle eliphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, amazwe e-EU, uhlu okuyinto abekwe ngezansi, ziyozuza iqhaza inyunyana, njengoba kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ku isimo sazo sezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhaza Union kusho imingcele evulekile, okuyinto kusiza kakhulu ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe.

Ngakho, e-EU namuhla zihlanganisa amanye amazwe:

• Austria.
• Belgium.
• Bulgaria.
• UK.
• Hungary.
• Germany.
• Greece.
• Denmark.
• Ireland.
• Spain.
• Italy.
• Cyprus.
• Latvia.
• Lithuania.
• Luxembourg.
• Malta.
• Netherlands.
• Poland.
• Portugal.
• Estonia.
• Romania.
• Slovakia.
• Slovenia.
• Finland.
• France.
• Sweden.
• Czech Republic.

Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi we-inhlangano wathi, kuba adjustable. umthetho EU kuthinta kakhulu izinto ezivela ngokuhamba imisebenzi yansuku zonke isakhiwo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole isifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi kubalulekile ukuqonda izici kwezomthetho isigaba ohlelweni.

umthetho-European Union

EU amazwe, okuyinto uhlu avuselelwe zikhathi, emsebenzini kubuswa kwezinkambiso zomthetho ekhethekile. Ngakho, umthetho-European Union - sicaciselwe empeleni yayo uhlelo oluthinta inqubo amazwe evrointergratsii iqhaza izinhlangano, unesibopho ukusebenza ngempumelelo iziphathimandla zalo.

Zikhona amaphuzu amaningana ekubukeni ubunikazi kulesi sigaba. Izazi eziningi baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho EU - kuba uhlelo ezimele ehlanganisa izici ukhiye wezomthetho kokubili kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba kanye izinhlelo we oyilungu. Okunye abameleli isayensi uthi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu isigaba e-International Institute. Kodwa ukuthi kungase kube yiqiniso, ukuphika ukuzimela umthetho EU kungaba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:

• it has isakhiwo ayo;
• umthetho-European Union kusekelwe ezimisweni ezithile;
• kusebenza kubahlanganyeli ngabanye;
• umthetho EU ezibekwe ngendlela ehlukile nesisekelo esingokomthetho.

Siyaqonda ukuthi kukhona uhlelo lomthetho inquma Isidingo sobulungiswa, ukuthi uzovikela kungenzeka zezikhonzi zawo. Ngo-European Union kukhona uhlelo wobulungisa, ukuba semthethweni okuyinto kubonakala inkantolo ekhethekile.

izinkantolo zokwahlulela we-European Union

Yiqiniso, ukuphathwa lamazwe 28 okuqondene EU , akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kobukhona emizimbeni ekhethekile, ogama msebenzi ikhambi izimpikiswano ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo kumele kube Institute samanje Wezobulungiswa.

Uma sikhuluma ezimayelana European Union, kule nyunyana kukhona leso sikhungo, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukusebenza iminyaka eminingi. Indaba yakhe iqala ngo-1952, lapho yasungulwa Coal European futhi Steel Court Association. Kamuva, umzimba saqanjwa ECJ. Engakabi yayo, igunya kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso inqwaba amacala yinto ehlukile. Kuze kube manje, iNkantolo Yomthetho-European Union, ngokunembile, imisebenzi yayo kulawulwa kwezinkambiso Treaty laseLisbon, eyaqala ngo-2007. Ngokusho lokhu ucezu umthetho okufakiwe kuze kube umzimba it has sekhono nemisebenzi ethize. Indawo seNkantolo European Union lingumuzi Luxembourg.

umnyango Ukwakheka

Kuze kube manje, inkantolo usebenza ngokusebenzisa uhlaka eziningi zomthetho kanye esakhiwe uhlelo kwangaphakathi. Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi iNkantolo isakhiwo EU kuyasiza ngokuyimpumelelo sihlole izimo ezahlukene. Okungukuthi, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa zamakhono phakathi izingxenye abamelwe zomzimba. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi igama elithi "INkantolo Yobulungisa we-European Union" - isici lonke lwebulungisa isakhiwo EU kuze kube manje. Isici esiyinhloko esibonisa ohlelweni, akungabazeki, kuyinto ezihlangene. isakhiwo sayo bunikezwa iSivumelwano kuyi-European Union. Ngokusho idatha abahlala kule isenzo normative, Court of Justice yakhiwa:

- ngqo enkantolo;

- Tribunal;

- yinkantolo ezikhethekile.

Ngayinye kulezi zingxenye unesibopho kokubukeza noma ukwenza ibhizinisi uhlamvu oluthile. Leli qiniso kuholela ukuba khona imisebenzi ehlukene esimweni ngasinye.

Inkantolo njengoba esibalulekile EU Institute for Justice

Luxembourg City iyona indawo indawo umnyango main, okuyinto ogunyaziwe ukubhekana izingxabano esebenzisa amandla bathunyelwe European Union. INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-Ukwakheka egunyeni eliphakeme kunawo wonke uhlelo EU Institute of Justice. Inkantolo sessions aphethwe e ezimbili ngenxa amafomu lenhlangano: okuzobe kukhona kuwo futhi izigceme. Likhono umzimba ubanzi ngokwanele namuhla. Leli qiniso kungenxa bulkiness isakhiwo ezomnotho nezombusazwe e-European Union kanye nohlaka yayo zokulawula. umzimba kubuswa usihlalo, okuyinto kude Kun Lenaerts.

isakhiwo weNkantolo

umzimba Kwethulwa kuyinto ehlelekile. uhlaka lwenhlangano wayo inezigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo. Eyokuqala usihlalo. Kuyinto esemthethweni ihlanganisa imisebenzi Court Management Institute of the European Union. Yena likhethwa iminyaka engu-3 ngu ivoti eliyimfihlo ngamalungu Ngokwesibonelo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko usihlalo kuyinto ukusatshalaliswa izimo phakathi kweminyango weNkantolo kanye nokudidiyela umkhiqizo wabo. timphawu tesakhiwo nazo ekamelweni kanye sessions plenary. Zikhona ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle ukwelapha ukukhiqizwa. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ke emhlanganweni okuzobe kukhona kuwo.

ukwakheka komzimba

Yiqiniso, umuzi Luxembourg liyaziwa abahluleli, hhayi enkantolo. Phela, nabo basuke nokuqalisa imisebenzi ethile kanye nemisebenzi ngaphansi kwegunya layo. Ukwakheka inkantolo ngempela ebanzi. Isebenzisa amalungu 28 kuze kube manje, okungukuthi, umuntu oyedwa ukusuka ngamunye ezweni ilungu European Union. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isikhundla ezifana iseluleko jikelele. Bayingxenye EU enikeziwe iNkantolo kubantu 8. Kuyadingeka ukuba uqaphele khona kudivayisi begodu umabhalana enkantolo isakhiwo umzimba.

Amandla-European Union Court of Justice

Njalo igunya has a Inombolo yezenzo ukhiye ezidinga ukuba lusebenze njalo saziso. Kodwa kule nkampani athweswe nge amandla athile, okungukuthi, nenkululeko isinyathelo endaweni ethile. INkantolo Ephakeme Yase-European Union kuleli cala iyathinteka. Liphinde benawo athile, okuyinto zisenza sibe imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu igunya. Amandla livikeleke iSivumelwano kuyi-European Union. Ngaphansi bezimiso zawo, iNkantolo unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa:

• izitatimende kubhekwe kwesimangalo lamazwe iqhaza ngokwephulwa saletinye efanayo amalungelo ebekwe iziqondiso EU;
• ukuqapha imisebenzi yezikhungo eyinhloko European Union ngendaba ulwazi lokwenza umsebenzi kanye semthethweni ekubhekaneni nezindaba ezithile;
• ukuhumusha imithetho komthetho EU ngesicelo onentshisekelo;
• ukuhlola semthethweni ekhishwe yi-imizimba usoseshini ukusebenza kwabo inqubo ukulawulwa ubudlelwane ezithile;
• cabanga iziphikiso zabo ngqo phakathi European Union njengoba inhlangano ephelele futhi izakhi zayo ngazinye;
• udaba iziphetho sokweluleka ahlukahlukene kwamalungelo wobuntu amathuluzi ngamazwe;
• ukukhiqiza Ephakeme ngokumelene zezinqumo ezithathwe yiTribunal.

Izicelo Eziya Kuziphathimandla Authority

Njengoba singabona, iziphathimandla sokwahlulelwa European Union kuhlanganisa okuningi izikhathi ezithakazelisayo. Ububanzi zamakhono yakhe kuchaza indawo enkulu inhlangano futhi khona inani elikhulu iqhaza, okuyizinto, esikhundleni salokho, kwakhiwa futhi amazwe azimele. Kulokhu, iNkantolo enwetshiwe imisebenzi ngokuqinile ngezihloko EU. Ngamanye amazwi, isikhalazo eNkantolo YaseYurophu ingagcinwa kuphela yangaphandle engena sobunye. Lokhu isici esithile ingenye izici eziyinhloko ezishiwo uhlelo sihloko umzimba.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana Tribunal

States we-European Union, angafaka isicelo izinhlangano ezikhethekile ubulungiswa igunya. Ngenxa yalokho kungenziwa ngokuthi Tribunal. Naphezu isihloko kwakhe okukhulu, igunya akacabangi amacala axhumene nganoma iyiphi indlela njengoba nempi yayisiphelile, njll Noma kunjalo, amandla kwesiGungu akuyona ngaphansi ezibanzi kunobukaJohane Court of Justice EU. Emisebenzini yayo, element silubuyekete amacala ngokona, ku ukuhlaziywa semthethweni futhi semthethweni EU emizimbeni zokulawula khona nanoma yiziphi izingxabano mayelana sokungasebenzi kwezikhungo ezithile futhi izinhlangano kwe-European Central Bank, njll Likhono Tribunal usulungise izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene inhlangano, okubonisa ukuthi semthethweni yayo.

Kuyini inkantolo ezikhethekile?

EYISIBOSHWA 2001. ISivumelwano Nice sihlinzekela khona lomunye Ngokwesibonelo wobulungisa e-EU. izinkantolo Akhethekile nemizimba ethize ehilelekile kuhlolwe ezindaweni ezithile. Njengomthetho, lawa ingxabano eqhamuka ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni kwezinsizakalo kanye nezindaba empahla. Ngakho, imisebenzi ye izinkantolo ezikhethekile ekhetheke ngokwemvelo futhi zisebenza inani elilinganiselwe nezindaba sokusebenza.

Ingabe ikhona i-elementi 4th kohlelo EU wobulungisa?

ososayensi abaningi basikisela ukuthi isakhiwo zemizimba ekhethekile e-European Union yakhiwa inombolo enkulu izakhi kunalawo kuqukethwe ezinhlinzekweni zoMthetho we asemthethweni. Namuhla, jurists eziningi lilinganise ohlelweni sokwahlulelwa EU iziphathimandla kazwelonke zokwahlulela lamazwe iqhaza. Lokhu inkinga impikiswano ngempela, njengoba phakathi amandla kwe-European Union isihloko ejensi akukho nokudidiyela izinkantolo kazwelonke.

isiphetho

Ngakho, sabuka umqondo, izici kanye namandla we-Court of Justice we European Union, zinikezwa iziqondiso esebenzayo inhlangano. Kulokhu, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imisebenzi emelelwa emzimbeni EU, nakuba uMthetho futhi ephumelelayo, namanje idinga ezinye izinguquko kanye nokuthuthukisa.