Esikhathini sethu, akungabazeki e amathuba okungenamkhawulo isayensi. Medicine ifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nobuchwepheshe bayo yesimanje bangalwa izifo eziningi kanye aselapheki. ukunakekela okukhethekile unikezwa ingxenye transplantation. Izindaba mayelana okusindisa izitho zomzimba esikhundleni ngabanye donor ejensi kancane ngokuya kuba yinto evamile. Kungenzeka ukuthi maduze ngeke kwenziwe futhi ukufakelwa emhlabeni lokuqala ikhanda. Yiziphi amathuba empumelelo eyohlinzwa ezifana nendlela ukulicubungula kuthabathela ecaleni lokumukelekako ndaba?
inja Two-ephethwe
Kungenzeka umzimba ukufakelwa ezongenza ukuthi abaphe ukuphila okuphakade labo noma yini eyingcuba. Akumangazi ukuthi ucwaningo kule isiqondiso ingaphansi indlela isikhathi eside. Nokho Ukufakelwa amabombo operation luyindida kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi kwezwe yokuqala ku usosayensi wakhe wanquma ukusuka Melika, Charles Klod Gatri, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Njengoba i experimenter zokuhlola wakhetha inja, wanikela ngengxenye ikhanda lakhe ithungwe emzimbeni Isilwane esiphilile nokunomsoco. Phakathi ukusebenza, usosayensi wakwazi ukubuyisela ukugeleza kwegazi. Waphawula nokuthi ikhanda lokuthi washukumisa ulimi lwayo, amakhala futhi iqoshwe ukunyakaza balezi zingane. Nokho, ukuze ushayele le nakho impumelelo akwenzekanga - isilwane ezimbili ephethwe, Ukufakelwa okuholela wafa. Phinda isipiliyoni kwahanjiswa Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, Guthrie isinqumo ososayensi ababili Russian - AG Konevsky noB Demihov. Eyokuqala zazinobuso ukufakelwa efanayo kakhulu nemiyalezo, kanti eyesibili Sizokwenza isikhathi esiningi lesi silingo. B. Demihov wayekwenza futhi izinja, ukuklama imithambo yegazi siqu crosslinking isistimu yakho. Isiyonke imali izifundo yena bathunga 20 imigomo nomdlwana izinja omdala imizimba yenyama, omunye isilwane uye waphila cishe inyanga emva ukufakelwa.
Yazi Dr. Robert White
Ngo-1970, iqembu lososayensi e-University of Casey (USA) ngaphansi kobuholi Dr. Roberta Uayta waqala amalungiselelo ukuhlola ezintsha ezithakazelisayo. Usosayensi wanquma wokuqala emhlabeni thunga inhloko yahlukana eyodwa wesilwane komunye umzimba Headless. Ucwaningo lwakhe of Wight unqume sibambelele izimfene. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuzo zonke ucwaningo odlule ukufakela operation ikhanda owenziwa ukubanjwa ikhanda emzimbeni ngabanye lokuthi ngokugcwele, kuphumele izilwane ezimbili engumondli. Ukuhlinzwa usebenzisa indlela entsha kwenziwa ngo-1970. Ngenxa yalokho ukuhlola isilwane zokuhlola wahlala izinsuku mayelana 1.5, kodwa ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapho kukhishwa ukusebenza kwakungenakwenzeka ukuxhuma asebuchosheni nomgogodla. Ngenxa yalokhu, inkawu zazingeke zikwazi ukulawula umzimba, kuyilapho ikhanda lakhe yabonisa ukuphila okumatasa.
A yimpumelelo ikhanda ukufakelwa isivele kwenziwe!
Ukuhlola isipiliyoni lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo XX leminyaka imisebenzi nge iziphetho ikhanda ukudluliselwa kungaba esidumazayo. Nokho kungabi ngakho kudala kwakutholakala ukuthi ukufakelwa ezifana ne lokhu kwakuyoba nomphumela omuhle kungenzeka. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso ukuthusa senziwe 2002. ososayensi Japanese ziye zasungula ubuchwepheshe lapho ukwazi ngempumelelo kabusha ikhanda lokuthi sika emzimbeni, usebenzisa njengenhlangano amagundane laboratory zokuhlola. I emisha ukusetshenziswa okushisa aphansi (lapho khona, akukho ukufa neuronal) futhi indlela ekhethekile yokuxhuma nerve izicubu. Phakathi ucwaningo, ukufakelwa ikhanda esephumelele ukufeza nomsebenzi umnyuziki motor emzimbeni. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Ekuhloleni okufanayo Kwakuseshwa eJalimane.
Kungenzeka yini ukufakela alingana nekhanda lomuntu?
Sikwazile ukufeza imiphumela emihle ucwaningo okwakuhilela izilwane, ososayensi abaningi baphupha ukuzama ukusebenza efanayo phezu kwale ndoda. Udokotela ohlinzayo Famous wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu Sergio Kanavero emuva ngo-2013 ngokusemthethweni yaphinde yamemezela inhloso yayo afeze ukufakelwa ezinjalo. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa sipho ukuba abe "Guinea" basabela eziningi abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uma ukudluliswa ikhanda, njengoba kuhlelwe namuhla, izobanjelwa 2017, isiguli yokuqala uDkt Kanavero abe Russian ngesifo esidluliselwa ngofuzo. Udokotela ohlinzayo uthi amathuba empumelelo inkulu ngokwanele, kungenjalo wayengeke bathathwa ufeza operation enjalo.
Valery Spiridonov - sokuzithandela Russian
Ukufakelwa lokuqala ikhanda kumele kwenziwe kakade 2017 ohlala eRussia. Valery Spiridonov ngokoqobo ukuphupha ukufakelwa yonke yokuphila enjalo omdala yakhe. Namuhla, umuntu uzimisele ahlukane ikhanda ngomqondo truest izwi, iminyaka engu-30, futhi kakade kwenza kube eyingqayizivele. Lapho Valeria 1 nonyaka owodwa ubudala, odokotela kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini kuye: Werding-Hoffman syndrome - iyisifo ivelakancane lapho iziguli ngokuvamile musa asinde ngisho engu-20 edlule. Kodwa le ndoda akukhona nje ukuthi iyaphila kodwa futhi iziqu honours esikoleni, bese inyuvesi, futhi manje isebenza ngempumelelo njengoba Unicode. Inkinga iba kuphela yokuthi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe omdala Valery ngesihlalo sabakhubazekile futhi buthaka njalo ngonyaka, kodwa namhlanje angamvusa ngaphandle inkomishi yetiye noma igundane computer. Ukufakelwa benethuba ukuqala ukuphila ngendlela umzimba omusha - leli yithuba hhayi kuphela ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo isiguli, kodwa futhi ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi. Valery silungiselela kokungenela oluzayo, ifunda ukuthi ukuguqulwa ikhanda, futhi njalo uyakhuluma nangezinye izihloko noDkt Sergio Kanavero.
Amathemba umzimba Ukufakelwa / ikhanda
umphakathi wezwe lonke Academic nethemba lokuhle. Uma sibheka umlando ke kanye kwezitho zangaphakathi ukufakelwa sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi inqubo cishe ngiyaphupha. Kodwa njengoba intuthuko eqhubeka, ezobuchwepheshe zisenza lokufeza imisebenzi efanayo emhlabeni wonke namuhla, njalo enviable. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukufakelwa ikhanda uyophinde abe "okuvamile" mkhuba. Uma inkosi imithi le ndlela yokwelapha ukufakelwa inketho kuyoba ezihlukahlukene izifo. Kuxhunyelelwa ikhanda, ungagcina hhayi kuphela umuntu izifo zofuzo umuntu ongathi sína, kodwa futhi iziguli ezinomdlavuza. Loluhlelo ukusebenzisa umzimba lesiguli nezinkomba ezinhle bokuphila njengoba donor loyo izinto ubuchopho ofile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ikhanda ukufakelwa kuyisihluthulelo ukuphila okuphakade futhi ukungafi.
izindleko ukusebenza
Umbuzo ohlupha abaningi: Kungakanani eyiNhloko ukufakelwa? Njengoba operation wokuqala esinjalo kuphela kuhlelwa ukuba esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, intengo ngqo le sevisi kuze ngokuthi akukwazi. Kulinganiselwa owandulelayo ochwepheshe, izindleko ukufakelwa okuncane ngaphansi kuka- $ 13 million. Yiqiniso, inani elifanayo e isiguli elinde kokungenela khona. Namuhla, ukukhulisa imali edingekayo ukuthi kusiza udokotela yena Kanavero. Wanyathelisa incwadi esizinikezele nocwaningo lwakhe, ezihilelekile kule phrojekthi kanye zimali. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukusebenza sizohlala amahora mayelana 36.
eziphathelene nokuziphatha izinkinga kungenzeka
Inhloso ye-ukufakelwa ikhanda ungathandi abamele izinkolo eziningi futhi izakhamuzi nje zokuziphatha kakhulu. Lo msebenzi injalo iphula yonke imithetho yendawo yonke kuyinto ezingezona ezemvelo kakhulu - ngokusho kwabaphikisi yayo. Nokho, phakathi izakhamuzi ezivamile futhi abaningi kulabo lalinethemba sokuthuthukisa ngempumelelo le ndlela yezokwelapha. Ake sikholelwe ukuthi akekho izimo liphazamisane ukufakelwa, futhi ngokushesha umhlaba wonke bazi kwaba indlela ushintsho lomuntu ikhanda.