Ukusebenza lokuqala ukufakela alingana nekhanda lomuntu. ngabe abantu ikhanda ukufakelwa kungenzeka? Le ndoda yavuma ukuqhutshelwa ikhanda yokuxhuma

Shona ukufakelwa indoda - lena isinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi ukufakelwa. Ngaphambili, ukuhlinzwa okunjalo kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka, ngoba akukho ngempela ukuxhuma asebuchosheni nomgogodla. Kodwa ngokuvumelana ohlinza izinzwa Italian Sergio Kanavero, akukho akunakwenzeka, futhi ukuhlinzwa namanje okuzokwenzeka.

Nasi idatha zomlando

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba 1900 ukufakelwa isitho iye yachazwa kuphela incwadi kumnandi. Ngokwesibonelo, Gerbert Uells emsebenzini "Isiqhingi Dr. Moreau" uchaza ukulinga zitshala isilwane izitho. Enye indaba eqanjiwe sikhathi, u-Alexander Belyaev, enovelini "Inhloko UProfesa Dowell sika" kufakazela ukuthi ungathembela abagcina mayelana ku 19 isitho ekhulwini ukufakelwa. ikhanda lomuntu ukufakelwa kwakungelona nje inganekwane, futhi funny izindaba.

Umhlaba ibheke phansi ngo-1905 lapho uDkt Edward Cirma utshalwe ukuba cornea umamukeli, futhi ubanjwe on. Kakade ngo-1933 e Kherson, isazi-Soviet Yu Yu Crow ngacula lokuqala yimpumelelo inhliziyo ukufakelwa kumuntu nomuntu. Minyaka yonke, isitho Ukufakelwa ikhula. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukufakela corneas, inhliziyo, amanyikwe, izinso, isibindi, nemilenze engenhla nengezansi, le bronchi kanye zangasese abesilisa nabesifazane.

Kanjani futhi nini okokuqala utshalwe ikhanda?

Uma ngo-1900, omunye ososayensi yakhuluma kahle ukungathí sina kwaleso womuntu ikhanda ukufakelwa, cishe, bekuyoba kubhekwe ongaphilile. Nokho, ekhulwini lama-21, kuthiwa ngo ngobuqotho ngokuphelele. Kuvele msebenzi ohlelelwe 2017, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kukhona umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo. Ukufakelwa lwekhanda lomuntu - lena Nokho, operation eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyinto kuzobandakanya lenqwaba neurosurgeons ezivela emhlabeni wonke, Uzoqondisa ukufakelwa udokotela ohlinzayo wase-Italy Sergio Kanavero.

Ukuze abantu ikhanda ukufakelwa lokuqala kuphumelela, kuyodingeka ukuba kuphole ikhanda futhi umzimba donor kufika ku-15 ° C, kodwa amahora 1.5 kuphela, ngaphandle kwalokho amaseli uzoqala afa. Phakathi ukusebenza ngeke crosslink Umthambo futhi vein, nasendaweni lapho umgogodla efakwe ulwelwesi of polyethylene glycol. Umsebenzi Its uxhumano izinzwa isayithi imbobo. Kusolwa ukuthi ukuhlinzwa ukufakela alingana nekhanda lomuntu sizohlala amahora mayelana 36 futhi kuzodinga izindleko e lemali zamadola kwezigidi ezingu-20.

Ubani sizifake engozini ngenxa yalokho?

Ezweni kwaba yindaba ekhathaza abantu abaningi: "Ngubani umphefumulo abanesibindi ababebe nesibindi sokuba ubuchopho ukufakelwa?". Ngaphandle kokuya ujule inkinga, kubonakala sengathi lo mbono kuyinto ngempela okuyingozi futhi ayengase alahlekelwe ukuphila kothile. Le ndoda yavuma ukuqhutshelwa ikhanda yokuxhuma, Unicode Russian Valery Spiridonov. It kuvela ukuthi ukufakelwa ikhanda ngoba - isilinganiso kunesidingo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, isazi sesayensi abanamakhono myopathy ogulayo. Lesi sifo, othinta imisipha isakhiwo sonke umzimba. Nge imisipha buthaka bese yoma njalo ngonyaka. Izinzwa, ise-izingqimba phambi emgogodleni iyathinteka, kanye Umuntu ulahlekelwa ikhono ukuhamba, ukugwinya bese ugcine phansi.

Ukufakelwa ukusiza Valery abuyisele zonke motor imisebenzi. Ngokungangabazeki, abantu ikhanda ukufakelwa ukuhlinzwa kuyingozi kakhulu, kodwa ukulahlekelwa lowo ukuphila, ngakho abanasikhathi? Kepha Valery Spiridonov (okwamanje iminyaka 31 ubudala), abantwana nale nkinga ngokuvamile musa ngisho usumdala.

Ubunzima ukufakelwa ikhanda

Lona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu, yingakho i-cishe 2 iminyaka oyokwenziwa umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa. Zama ukuthola ukuthi ncamashi kuyoba nezinkinga nendlela Sergio Kanavero uhlela ukubhekana nazo.

1. Yezinzwa. Phakathi ikhanda futhi umzimba kukhona lenqwaba sezinzwa babashayeli ezingavikelekile abuyiselwe ngemva ukulimala. Sonke siyazi emacaleni lapho indoda emva engozini yemoto yakhe basinda, kodwa walahlekelwa motor yakhe umsebenzi eliyingqayizivele ngenxa umonakalo wesibeletho nomgogodla. Okwamanje, ososayensi abaqeqeshiwe asungula izindlela ezivumela ukwethula izinto kulungise nezinzwa obonakele.
2. Ukuhambelana kwezicubu. Zitshala alingana nekhanda lomuntu kudinga donor (umzimba), lapho-ke ngeke itshalwe. Kuyadingeka ukuba ngokunembile ukhetha umzimba omusha, ngoba uma izicubu zobuchopho futhi umzimba azivumelani - intando edema, futhi bantu bezofa. Okwamanje, ososayensi bathole indlela ukulwa izicubu ukwenqatshwa.

Frankenstein wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona isifundo esihle

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ngokusobala, ukushintsha ikhanda - lena esijabulisayo kodwa futhi ewusizo for umphakathi, kunemiBhalo eminingana izimo ezinzima. Ososayensi abaningi abavela emhlabeni jikelele ngokumelene ukufakelwa ekhanda. Njengobe abengakwati konkhe loko izizathu kweqiniso, kubonakala kunalokho aphambene. Kodwa masikhumbule umlando Dr. Frankenstein. Wayengenaso Izinhloso ezimbi futhi wafuna ukudala umuntu esiza umphakathi, kodwa kwaba brainchild of i silo ongalawuleki.

Izazi eziningi bahoshé okukhona phakathi ucwaningo uDkt Frankenstein futhi ohlinza izinzwa Sergio Kanavero. Bakholelwa ukuthi indoda utshalwe ikhanda, bangaba ongalawuleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ezifana ukuhlolwa ngeke, isintu uzokwazi ukuze aphile phakade, ngokuphindaphindiwe ngo zitshala ikhanda ngoba imizimba emisha abasha. Yiqiniso, uma kuzoba kuhle usosayensi ngombono, kungani engenakuzimisela siphile phakade? Futhi uma kuba Yini eyayibangele lokho?

Ukufakelwa ikhanda uyoletha umphakathi?

Uma sesithole esiphethweni ngabe abantu ikhanda ukufakelwa kungenzeka, ake sicabange ngalokho lokhu nakho kungaletha isayensi yesimanje. Ezweni kukhona izifo eziningi kangaka elihlobene ne-kokunikezwa kwe-umgogodla umsebenzi intambo. Futhi nakuba lokhu ingxenye yomzimba iye balitadishisise ososayensi abaningi emhlabeni, izixazululo ngokuphelele izinkinga ezihlobene innervation we umgogodla, akakaze zitholakele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e yomgogodla wesibeletho, kukhona impumuzo cranial ukuthi banesibopho umbono, Haptics, thinta. Ukwephula umsebenzi wabo namanje abakwazi ukwelapha iyiphi ohlinza izinzwa. Uma ukufakelwa ikhanda kwenzeke ngempumelelo, kuzoletha iningi abantu abakhubazekile, bese ugcine ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke.