Impi Iran-Iraq: izimbangela, umlando, ukulahlekelwa kanye nemiphumela

Lokhu kulwa unamagama amaningi. Waziwa kakhulu njengoba impi Iran-Iraq. Leli gama kuvamile ikakhulu emibhalweni yezinye izizwe futhi iSoviet / Russian. NamaPheresiya ngokuthi le mpi ngokuthi "Defense Engcwele", njengoba (Shiites) bavikelekile yokungena Sunni Arabhu. epithet "eziphoqelelwe" lisetshenzisiwe nangokuqondene. E-Iraq, kukhona isiko ushayele ukungqubuzana Qadisiyah Saddam. Hussein wayengumholi wakwa isimo futhi aphathe konke imisebenzi ngokuqondile. Qadisiya - indawo, eduze lapho kwakukhona impi ewumnqamula-juqu phakathi nokunqotshwa kweKhanani okwathatha Arab yasePheresiya ekhulwini VII, lapho Islam ukuthi okusakazwa bezizwe ezaziwazungezile. Ngakho, Iraqis kuqhathaniswa empini kwekhulu XX nge bomkhankaso edume kuya eMpumalanga ngokumelene namaqaba. Lena enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kwesigidi ofileyo) kanye yesikhathi eside (1980 -. 1988 GG) izingxabano ahlomile kwekhulu elidlule.

Izizathu izimbangela ingxabano

Isizathu sokuba impi kwaba impikiswano yemingcele. Wayephethe prehistory eside. Iran Iraq umngcele esiqeshini enkulu yezwe - kusukela Turkey ePersian Gulf. Eningizimu lo mugqa egobhoza Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud ubizwa nangokuthi), kwakhiwa okuyinto kusukela nokuhlanganiswa nezinye nemifula ezimbili ezinkulu - the iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Endaweni phakathi kwabo uvele emzini wokuqala ongabantu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, Iraq wawuyingxenye uMbuso WaseTurkey (manje eyiTurkey). Ngemva kokuwa yayo ngenxa behluliwe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakhiwa Arab Republic, wenza isivumelwano Iran, owawuthi umngcele phakathi kwabo kufanele zenzeke ibhange kwesokunxele emfuleni ezibalulekile. Ngo-1975 kwaba khona isivumelwano ukudluliswa phesheya phakathi isiteshi.

Ngemva kokuba kwenzeke Iran Islamic Revolution, weza amandla lapho Ruhollah Khomeini. Ibutho laqala ukuhlanza, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho becindezela nezicashisiwe ukuhlola izikhulu kanye amasosha siqotho shah. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-tebuholi babe izinduna ongenalwazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Iraq, nase-Iran ihlelwe ukucunula ngokumelene nomunye namabutho namalungu ngomshoshaphansi. Amaphathi babonakala ngokucacile hhayi kuqhathaniswa kubhebhezele izingxabano.

kokungenela Iraq

I-Iran-Iraq impi yaqala neqiniso lokuthi ka-September 22, 1980, amabutho Iraq sawela umfula i-uphikise Shatt al-Arab sezidlulele esifundazweni Khuzestan. abezindaba Esemthethweni wamemezela ukuthi imbangela yalokhu kuhlasela baba sicasulwa Persian umngcele Abaqaphi abaphonsa i- umbuso umngcele.

I okuhlaselayo yahlakazeka ku isiqinti amakhilomitha 700. I ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukuba isiqondiso eseningizimu - eduze Gulf. Kukulo muzi lapho phakathi neminyaka engu-eyisishiyagalombili kwakungamadodana lokulwa kunezimpi. nezimpi enkabeni nasenyakatho okwakulindeleke ukuba amboze moiety eziyisisekelo, Iran abakwazanga ukuya kubo langemuva.

Emva kwezinsuku 5, idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke Ahwaz sathathwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezikhumulweni uwoyela abhubhisa lelo ibalulekile ngoba umnotho sokuvikela izwe. Iqiniso lokuthi esifundeni amumethe le nsiza kubalulekile, futhi zaba zimbi isimo. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo njengoba Hussein ehlaselwa Kuwait, isizathu kuyafana - uwoyela. Khona-ke kuqale impi US-Iraq, kodwa emazweni omhlaba 80 siqhele uqobo kusukela ingxabano, Sunnis kanye Shiites.

ukusebenza Land ubephelezelwa izindiza esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa emadolobheni obunokuthula Iran. Bahlaselwe inhlokodolobha Tehran. Ngemva kwesonto mashi ophoqelelwe Hussein wayeka amabutho wanikela izimbangi emhlabeni ukuthi kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukulahlekelwa elikhulu Abadan. Kwathi 5 Okthoba. Hussein esefuna impi phambi iholide engcwele Eid al-Adha (usuku 20th). Ngaleso sikhathi elaseSoviet Union sizama ukunquma onjani ukusiza amaqembu. Ambassador Vinogradov wasikisela ukuthi uNdunankulu lempi ukwesekwa ukuze Iran, kodwa wenqaba. Futhi, iziphakamiso ukuthula Iraq zenqatshiwe. Kwacaca ukuthi impi yayiyobizwa eside.

ngelula empini

Ekuqaleni, Iraqis abe bokuphakama ezithile: ngadlala ezandleni ukumangala ukuhlaselwa, futhi inzuzo zezinombolo kanye demoralization yempi Iranian, eyaqala ngosuku olwandulela yokuhlanza. ubuholi Arab wenze ukubheja lokuthi umkhankaso sizoba sifushane futhi uzokwazi ukubeka namaPheresiya etafuleni yezingxoxo. Amasosha isihambile amakhilomitha 40.

Iran useqalise ukugqugquzela esiphuthumayo ukuthi uyobuyisela ukulingana kwamandla. Ngo-November kwafika impi onegazi Khorramshahr. On the lokulwa emgwaqweni babehambile inyanga yonke, bese izinduna Arab elahlekile isinyathelo empini. Ekupheleni, impi banda baba positional. OluzoQapha kumisiwe. Kodwa ngeke kuqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ngemva ukusikhohlisa Ngamafuphi, Iran-Iraq impi, izimbangela zezinkumbulo esasihlanganisa inzondo ngekutsi amaqembu komunye nomunye, uye ukubuyiswa.

ukuphikiswa Yomphakathi e-Iran

Ngo-February 1981, empini Iran-Iraq yayiswa esigabeni esisha, lapho Iran baye bazama ubambe balwe kuqala. Nokho, kushabalele - ukulahlekelwa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu izisebenzi. Lokhu kwaholela kulokho wamshaya uqhekeko kuleli umphakathi Iranian. Military kuqhathaniswa abefundisi owayekholelwa ukuthi izikhulu eyabeka zwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, yena waxoshwa umongameli Banisadr.

Esinye isici kwaba Yabantu Mujahedin Iran (MKO). Amalungu ayo ubufuna ukudala i-republic sezenhlalo. Umkhankaso udlame ekuhlaseleni uhulumeni. Killed umongameli omusha Mohammed Radzhai noNdunankulu Mohammad Bahonar.

abaholi bezwe, zenze emhlabeni ayatollahs iphendule mass ukuboshwa. Ekugcineni, kuyoba njalo sibambelele amandla, ukubhubhisa abavukeli.

Ukuphazamisa nezinye emazweni Middle East

Okuqhubekayo Iran Iraq impi, Okwamanje, ukufunda ngendlela engalindelekile. Israeli Air Force kwenziwe ukuhlinzwa "Opera". It yayihloselwe lapho kubhujiswa lesi "Osirak" isikhungo zenuzi. Ophendulayo yathengwa Iraq eFrance ucwaningo. I-Israeli Air Force wamshaya ngesikhathi lapho Iraq ngokuphelele besingalindele ukuhlasela okuvela labaqaphi elingemuva. Defense ngisakwazi kwenza lutho. Nakuba lesi sehlakalo alithintwa ngqo phakathi izimpi, kodwa uhlelo Iraq yenuzi yasala dengwane eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Esinye isici okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo ukusekelwa third-party eSiriya Iran. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla eDamaseku futhi bebelokhu Shia. Syria ivaliwe iphayiphi kusuka Iraq, eyaqala ngo-insimu yalo. Kwaba buhlungu obunamandla emnothweni wezwe, t. Ukuze. Wayengumngane engaphansi kakhulu "igolide omnyama".

Ukusetshenziswa ezikhali zamakhemikhali

Ngo-1982, impi Iran-Iraq waphinda bathuthela isigaba asebenzayo, lapho Iran wathatha balwe yesibili. Kulokhu-ke saphumelela. Iraqis aphumile Khorramshahr. Khona-ke Ayatollah ahlinzekwa imigomo yakhe yokuthula: ukwesula Hussein, ukukhokhwa yokulungisa umonakalo futhi kuphenywe izimbangela zempi. Iraq wenqaba.

Khona-ke ibutho Iranian okokuqala wawela umngcele sesitha uzame ukuthatha Basra (wangaphumelela). Empini abathintekayo kuze kube abantu abayingxenye yesigidi. Le mpi ukuba yilo endaweni marshland akude. Khona-ke Iran osolwa Iraq kokusebenzisa uvinjelwe izikhali zamakhemikhali (lwesinaphi igesi). Kunobufakazi bokuthi ubuchwepheshe obufana abangu waboleka ngaphambi kwempi, amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kuhlanganise neJalimane. Ezinye izingxenye ekhiqizwa e-US kuphela.

ukuhlaselwa negesi zaba isihloko ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ka abezindaba ezweni. Kakade ekupheleni izingxabano 1988, kwaba khona kuqhuma amabhomu edolobheni Kurdish ka Halabja. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho elaliyizakhamuzi kuphela, ehlanganisa isizwe esincane. Hussein wathatha yokuziphindiselela phezu Kurds, ngubani noma kusekelwa Iran, noma abantu abenqaba ukulwa naye. Ezisetshenzisiwe lwesinaphi igesi, tabun futhi sarin - ikhemikhali ebangela ukufa.

Impi ezweni olwandle

Okulandelayo okuhlaselayo Iranian ku Baghdad samiswa kwamakhilomitha angu-40 enhloko-dolobha. abayizinkulungwane 120 babulawa phakathi lokhu yokusakaza. Ngo-1983, amabutho Iranian ngokusekelwa the Kurds ehlasela enyakatho yezwe. Okukhulu kunakho impumelelo Tactical ukuthi izuzwe Shiites ngo-1986, lapho Iraq wacishe nginqume kolwandle ngenxa ukulahlekelwa ukulawula enhlonhlweni FAO.

Impi olwandle kuye kwaholela ukubhujiswa emathangini avuzayo uwoyela, kuhlanganise nalezo okungewakho amazwe. Lokhu kwashukumisela imibuso yezwe ukwenza lutho ukumisa ingxabano.

Abaningi walindela ekupheleni kwempi Iraq. US langena lasolwandle e Gulf, ukuba ahambe emathangini avuzayo yabo. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni itholene phezulu namabutho Iran. Inhlekelele edabukisayo kakhulu kwaba Ukuphahlazeka a A300 umgibeli izindiza. Kwaba airliner Iranian flying kusukela Tehran Dubai. UZulu wadutshulwa ngenhlamvu phansi phezu Gulf ngemuva kokuthi ixoshe le impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu missile US Navy. osopolitiki Western ziye zamemezela ukuthi kwaba ingoti, njengoba indiza kusolakala iphutha i fighter Iranian.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-United States waphula scandal eyaziwa ngokuthi Watergate, Iran noma Iran-Contra nomakhwapheni. Kwatholakala ukuthi ezinye Inqubomgomo enethonya ajeziswe ukudayiswa izingalo Islamic Republic. Iran ngesikhathi embargoed, futhi kwakuyinto engekho emthethweni. Ingenelele ubugebengu uvele Umsizi uNobhala Ellot Abrams.

US ngokumelene Iran

Ngonyaka lokugcina impi (1987-1988), Iran waphinda wazama wasithatha port osendaweni ebalulekile Basra. Kwakuyisikhathi umzamo amashushu ukuqeda umkhankaso kwegazi, njengoba impi Iraq. Izizathu kube ukuthi amazwe amabili ngaphambili isiphelile.

Gulf War futhi abathintekayo US Navy. Lesi sikhathi, amaMelika zanquma ukuhlasela ezisekelweni ezimbili uwoyela e-Iran, ayesetshenziselwa njengoba nesigcawu ukuhlaselwa emikhunjini hlangothi. Corps kwaba bazibandakanye amasosha, izindiza yenethiwekhi, abachithi, futhi amathani 4. D. Lo Iran anqotshwa.

Ukwenza ukuthula

Ngemva kwalokho Ayatollah wayeqonda ukuthi imizamo emisha uyephuza ukungqubuzana kukhona alunamsebenzi. Yaphela impi Iraq. Ukulahlekelwa nhlangothi zombili babe kakhulu. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene, ayengumyalo phakathi kwengxenye yesigidi izisulu. Lokhu kwenza empini kwezinye zezimpi ezinkulu isigamu kwekhulu XX yesibili.

Izigayigayi impi yase-Iraq zashaya ihlombe Saddam, okwakuthiwa ungumsindisi isizwe. Imingcele yezwe wabuyela isimo esikhona manje. Naphezu besabisa abantu bakhe, Saddam sasekelwa NATO kanye Warsaw Pact atheleka, t. Ukuze. Abaholi emhlabeni wayengafuni ukusakaza inguquko Islamic.