Imithombo yamandla eminye eBelarus. Amafutha kanye nemithombo yamandla eBelarus

Inkinga ukukhula amandla kusilela iphelelwe namuhla ezingeni inkinga yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi, njengoba wazi, emlandweni wesintu - indaba umzabalazo amandla. Isimo siyefana ngekhulu xxi (isibonelo, impi eMpumalanga Ephakathi uwoyela). Kodwa kukhona indlela ehloniphekile ukuxazulula inkinga ukusweleka elikhulayo amandla - ehlukile imithombo energy. Ngo Belarus, lolu daba baqonde izinto ezenzekayo kakhulu futhi saveza iziphathimandla zomphakathi.

Energy Wemvelo e Belarus

Amatemu yeZizwe Ezihlangene (UN) sichaza igama elithi "ophinde uvuseleleke" nemithombo yalo. Ukuze kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza imithombo energy kuchasiselwe ilanga, uquqaba umoya, amanzi, ukushisa eMhlabeni zangaphakathi, biomass, ukhuni, Peat.

Njengoba Belarus unikezwe amandla ayo ezivamile okungasenani nge-20%, yebo, kukhona isidingo emithonjeni efana, ukuze ngandlela-thile isinxephezelo yokuntuleka yasekhaya energy imithombo.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, le ndaba yokungaziphathi kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza imithombo energy (res) abutholakali ezweni nge izinkinga amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anjenge Germany, Sweden, France (emazweni angaphezu kuka amabili), wadala International Solar Energy Society.

Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi ngo 2040 ukukhiqizwa amandla emhlabeni ekungalayishweni ezivamile kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza imithombo energy ngeke akhawunti angamaphesenti angu-82 amandla ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni. mkhuba Global nomthelela yokuthi non-bendabuko (okunye) zamandla e Belarus futhi eziye zasungulwa.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ofanele kakhulu amandla elanga kuleli zwe, njengoba abangaphezu kwesigamu ngonyaka, ngokwengxenye sezulu esinamafu siyenzeka kuwo, futhi izinsuku namashumi ayisihlanu eyodwa kuphela futhi (ngokwesilinganiso) - liguqubele. kahle kakhulu inkanyiso waphawula esikhathini kusuka April kuya ku-September.

imithombo yamandla - lokhu ...

Ngaphansi kwalezo kuchazwa nemisuka non-engcolisa, njengoba kunjalo nokusetshenziswa owaziwa futhi ezithandwayo namuhla amandla: uwoyela, amalahle, amafutha zenuzi.

Okokuqala, ilanga, umoya. Ilanga - liwumthombo onokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi eco-friendly yamandla, ngoba inkanyezi yethu kusenabantu izigidi zeminyaka. amandla ayo akwazi buthelela amadivayisi ngokuthi ama-solar panel.

Umoya njengoba umthombo energy isetshenziswa kabanzi ngempela, ngakho-ke kuba inzuzo kakhulu. amandla Wind basakaza ikakhulukazi emazweni e classical elinganiselwe energy imithombo futhi obiza nendawo ehlanzekile. Phakathi kwala mazwe kubalwa Belarus.

Iqhaza ebalulekile eyadlalwa inothile ugodo kuleli zwe, izindleko okuyinto kancane kane kuka nokukhishwa hydrocarbon.

Belarus nophethiloli namandla ayo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Amandla ka-Belarus (FEC) alikho ubuningi kwesokudla sesakhe energy imithombo yayo. Kule ndaba, uhulumeni eyenziwa Inqubomgomo amandla nokongiwa, njengoba akusho e ukuthuthukiswa kokubili amandla zendawo amandla okunye.

Amandla Umlawuli Ministry of Energy waseBelarus. (Wadala ekupheleni 2002) kuba ngokulinganiswa ayemncane ukuphathwa umzimba kuleli zwe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uhlelo target isimo okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle emkhakheni energy wezwe ziye lafeza.

Njengoba uNgqongqoshe wezaMandla waseBelarus uVladimir Potupchik wathi ngo-2014-republic ngonyaka ugcine ezingaphezu kuka $ 200 million ngenxa zokunciphisa petrol yamandla, lokulandisa mayelana 70% ezindlekweni amandla.

Esikhatsini lesifisha, Ministry of Energy waseBelarus uhlose ukubhekana umsebenzi obalulekile - ukudalwa uhlaka olusha obelungekho sokuthuthukiswa fuel namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi, esebenza kahle futhi eyamukelekayo imvelo ezweni lanamuhla. Lezi izinhlelo ezilotshwe "Iziqondiso inqubomgomo energy weRiphabhulikhi Belarus for kwesikhathi kuze 2020".

Ikakhulukazi, idokhumenti banephupho ngulemigomo lelandzelako wokusebenza kukaphethiloli namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi:

• ekuqiniseni amandla ukonga;
• nobungane kwemvelo;
• ekuqiniseni ucwaningo ku ehlukile imithombo energy kanye nokuqaliswa Imiphumela yayo;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane;

amandla RB

Okokhelekayo namandla izinsiza Belarus akuyona ezihlukahlukene okukhulu; zihlanganisa Peat (fuel), uwoyela negesi (ezihlobene), izinkuni kanye nezinye ezitholakala ezingaphezu kuka anesithoba amawaka ka Peat esisemanzini republic .. Okwamanje kusetshenziswa kuphela ikota zigcine bokuthi nophethiloli.

Iqiniso lokuthi share sengonyama imali ka Peat kuyinto ezindaweni ngaphansi kwezolimo noma ukuvikeleka kwemvelo, abasebenzisa enkulu imali ngiyaphupha.

Imali uwoyela negesi ezihambisana iyatholakala ku Pripyat wokuxovela. Fields Kwatholakala 1956. Isizinda kulezi bekulokhu ukukhathazeka "Belneftekhim". Nokho, ngokusho kongoti, kula masimu kuyoba okwanele kuphela iminyaka 30-35. Nokho, icabangela nethemba ukukhiqizwa uwoyela negesi e Orsha futhi Brest ayimigodi, kodwa akude ngokwanele.

amahlathi Umcebo ivumela Belarus ukuqhuba izinkuni eyodwa futhi imfucuza izingodo. Kodwa amavolumu kulezi mancane kakhulu ukuthi imfuneko amandla weRiphabhulikhi enikeziwe angaphansi kuka-15%. Zonke ezinye yakhiwa ngu amandla amazwe, okwenza emnothweni Belarusian usengozini kakhulu. Esimweni esinjalo ke uphoqelekile ukuba zithobele hhayi kuphela ngemodi energy esisindisa, kodwa futhi kunzima ukubheka kungenzeka eminye imithombo kagesi.

Alternative amandla

Alternative amandla ubonakele kuneNingizimu mayelana steel wamxosha yonke indawo ukukhuluma. Abantu, kuhlanganise Belarusians, usebenzisa amandla elanga, amandla amanzi, umoya ngoba zabo izidingo energy-kakhulu eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule. Kodwa-ke, le mithombo awacatshangwa ukuba into ekhethekile. Humanity waphila ngokuvumelana ephelele nemvelo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukulinganisela kwaso. Ukusetshenziswa amalahle njengoba zemvelo njengoba amandla umoya, amanzi ngoba Mills, imishini yokusaha izingodo ukuze ukugawula imithi eLebanoni, ebhula izitshalo ngisho ukwenziwa nendwangu.

Belarus inezici zifakiwe ukukhiqizwa "windmills" futhi "vodyakov", okungase kube kokubili umile neselula. Kwakungadingeki edamini ekhethekile, ukuthi akuyona ingozi yemvelo. A "ophephela abaphehla ugesi" kungenzeka ibekwe kuphi, kodwa kube khona umoya. Okunjalo imithombo yamandla, ngisho noma ngabe i-"ukuthekelisa" waseBelarus, okuyinto abathengi babe Russia nase-Ukraine.

Belarus Wanamuhla ehlukile imithombo energy has encane iziteshi amandla kagesi nedlanzana kuphela (GES). ososayensi Belarusian babandakanyeka izikhathi eSoviet Union umoya amandla plant (ophephela abaphehla ugesi), ngakho noma yini ukuncintisana kanye asenziwanga. Ubufakazi ukuthi singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela "Vetromash" Zaslavl lapho abaphehla ugesi umoya ziboniswa, efana ukuthuthukiswa entshonalanga nengxenye engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule, sekuyisikhathi eside yisikhathi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amandla okunye ngaphansi kwezithibelo ezithile nguhulumeni: ne-August 19, 2015 i-Isinqumo uMongameli waseBelarus ezibekwe quota izinhlelo nge ehlukile imithombo energy. Kwezithibelo eziphathelene Imininingwane izitshalo amandla kagesi endaweni Belarus. Kwezinkambiso sisebenza kubo bonke abafuna bahlanganyele amandla ezinye izinto, kuhlanganise izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe.

amanzi amandla Belarusian

Shintsha isimo kaphethiloli namandla eyinkimbinkimbi Belarus (zibiza kakhulu izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ukucekelwa phansi kwayo, ophoqelelwe isimo ukusithatha ukuzibophezela ezithile ukwehlisa kwekhabhoni eziyingozi, kanye nabanye.) Kuholele isidingo ubukeza imibono umkhakha ingxenye ibhalansi yamandla yezwe. Enye yalezi zindawo kwaba Hydropower. Ngo Belarus, njengoba wazi, kukhona River Dnipro, Western Dvina futhi Neman. Yona igijima ngendlela yase-Araba, kodwa kwezinye izindawo sizungezwe amabhange okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ube imibundu. Konke lokhu kuhambisana ukwakhiwa emifula izitshalo amandla, ngaleso namuhla etholakalayo ukushoda uwoyela, amalahle, igesi inikeza ithuba ebalulekile kuphela ukuze wehlise ke. Alternative amandla eyathinteka ku umkhakha weze-energy of Belarus.

Kulesi sisekelo, iKhabhinethi of Betindzaba Belarus ivume uhlelo isimo ukwakhiwa emifula izitshalo amandla. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, kwakuhlelwe ukwakha amandla kagesi kwi Neman (ngaphansi nangaphezulu emzini Grodno), Western Dvina (Verkhnedvinsk, Beshenkovichi, Vitebsk futhi Polotsk).

Dnepr iyona okulengayo lomfula elalibhekwa njengelinye ukwakhiwa emifula izitshalo amandla baphendukela zokugcina. Ngo-2020, ukwakhiwa nalehleliwe ongaphakeme-amandla kagesi iziteshi amandla ezine, kuhlanganise Orsha, Shklov, Mogilev futhi Rechitsa.

undeservedly ukhohliwe

I-Republic of Belarus yenzeka ingqikithi emifuleni ezingaphezu kuka amabini anamahlanu amawaka encane, ubude okuyinto ayizinkulungwane ezingu-90. Km. Futhi lokhu Hydropower omkhulu engaba isetshenziswa 3% kuphela.

Le imithombo sekuqalile ukujwayela in the 50s. encane iziteshi amandla kagesi ezakhiwa kuleli zwe. Eyokuqala lakhiwa ngo-1954 Osipovichi amandla kagesi esiteshini emfuleni Svisloch. umthamo kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe 2.25 MW kuphela. By endleleni, yena namanje ukusebenza namuhla.

Nokho, ngenxa 60 ngonyaka th of Hydropower encane gone ngasendleleni ngenxa ukuvela isimo amandla izinhlelo. umthengi yasemaphandleni idluliselwe ohlelweni amasha anamandla, kanye nesidingo izitshalo ezincane Hydropower wanyamalala ngokwalo.

Kule ndaba, iningi esakhiwe izitshalo ezincane Hydropower abangu elingasekho empini, njengoba izindleko kwaba izinto kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-ekupheleni 80s e Belarus kukhona amandla kagesi eziyisithupha kuphela, okuyinto kuveza ngonyaka nje phezu 18 million kW.

Kodwa kamuva ekuphileni waphenduka amandla Hydropower ezincane (SHP). Kulokhu, la imithombo yamandla e Belarus wazibonakalisa kungenzeka ukuthola, uzowubuyisela ngaphambili empini, kanye ngokusebenzisa ukwakhiwa SHPP entsha. Akudingi izikhukhula ezilimo.

Kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa amanye amadamu amanzi, hhayi amandla, injongo, olutholakalayo emifuleni encane. Lapha kuyafaneleka ukwakhiwa HPPs encane ephethe namandla 6000 kW, kuyilapho ukubuya ku utshalomali eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kwayisithupha.

Abameleli beNdikimba "green" ukuqinisekisa ukungabi khona noma yimuphi umthwalo phezu ingxenye HPPs encane imvelo.

Iziphathimandla Belarusian kuhlelwe ngo-2020 ngokuphindwe kabili umthamo isamba emifula izitshalo amandla. Kule ndaba, intshisekelo ezithile ekwakhiweni izitshalo ezincane Hydropower kuleli zwe libonisa zimali angaphandle, abathatha phezu 78,4% ukwakhiwa izindleko ezincane amandla.

Umoya usaqhubeka ekhonza indoda

amandla Wind e Belarus kunomthelela isixazululo yezinkinga eziningi ugesi lezinto ezincane ezikhaleni ezihambisanayo. Ngakho-ke umbuzo ukusetshenziswa zamandla emoyeni uquqaba uhlala ezifanelekile uphethiloli namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi weRiphabhulikhi.

Eminyakeni yamuva, izwe liye akwembula ngaye 1840 izindawo ukubeka umoya ephendulwa noma umoya ipulazi ukufaka. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu amagquma kuze kufinyelele 80 metres, phezu kwalokho isivinini somoya ifinyelela amamitha amahlanu noma ngaphezulu ngomzuzwana.

Kuze kube manje, lezi zinhlelo zitholakala ku Minsk, Grodno, Mogilev futhi Vitebsk izifunda. Enamandla kunazo umoya ephendulwa (1.5 MW) Grabniki ukhonza izakhamuzi emzaneni (the Hrodna esifundeni). Novogrudok wesifunda isikhungo endaweni efanayo inikeza ugesi wokudonsa, akahulumeni (kuphela into efana nayo). Ukuze sihlelwe ukufaka omunye ophephela abaphehla ugesi ezinhlanu.

Lonke siqiwu bahlela ukwakha ophephela abaphehla ugesi e Luzhische, Oshmiany wesifunda emzaneni. Ukwakhiwa Kwenziwa ngezithukuthuku zimali futhi uzoqhubeka kuze 2020.

eco indlu

Lo mqondo lwesintu kuhlanganisa isakhiwo, ugesi owenziwa kuphela ngezithukuthuku ehlukile imithombo energy.

Alternative amandla ikhaya ingatholakala ukugeleza elangeni, emoyeni, ngenxa micro Hydro futhi biomass ukukhiqiza biogas.

Nokho, Ukusetshenziswa amandla elanga athakazelisa ngokukhethekile ukuze kwakhiwe ekhaya imvelo, ezinye izici ezenza izichibiyelo sína izinhlelo umnikazi impahla. Okokuqala, kubiza:-solar, ukufakwa, ukuphathwa kanye nokugcinwa izobiza isamba eningi (ibhethri solar 3 kW ngoba ekhaya isilinganiso izobiza ayizinkulungwane 15 euro).

Nokho abanye isithakazelo yizindlu lakhiwa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi "ubungcweti bokwakhiwa welanga". essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi indlu kumele abe endaweni ophahleni sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye okuyinto - okungenani 100 m ^2. Kulokhu, indlu kufanele ibe latitude-dolobha Belarus. Lena ngempela anele ngisho isikhala Ukushisa ebusika.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okunjalo amandla elanga uye ayitholakalanga asinakekele ngokwanele eBelarus. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngalendlela, isakhiwo esisodwa kuphela yakhiwa - German International Education Center. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekwakheni izakhiwo ezinjalo kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukushisa ukusetshenziswa ku-80 kWh / m ² ngonyaka.

Ukusetshenziswa ophephela abaphehla ugesi unika indlu ithuba efanayo kokuba isimo eco-friendly. Kodwa akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi Belarus isilinganiso ngesivinini komoya akuyona ezingaphezu kuka 5 m / s, futhi operation evamile izinhlelo yesimanje zidinga ijubane-10 m / s. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kongoti, umoya ephendulwa efakwe kuleli zwe, kube khona ukwenanana kuphela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amane.

Noma kunjalo, konke lokhu kusebenza ugesi, kodwa ophinde uvuseleleke kwelanga kungase kahle ingasetshenziswa owawusemzini womzalwane ngesimo solar heater amanzi. Uhlelo siyasebenza kakhulu, awusebenzi kuxhomeke isimo sezulu kanye izimo zezulu. Ingasetshenziselwa ngisho kancane ukufudumeza igumbi. On top of ukuthi ibusa esingaphansi 45 Watts futhi kubiza inkulungwane 3.8. Euro (kuhlanganise ukufakwa). Ukubuya kwalo ku utshalomali akulona iminyaka engaphezu kwemine ayichitha.

isiphetho

Ngeshwa, eminye imithombo kagesi e Belarus (hhayi kuphela lapho) namuhla futhi esikhathini esizayo ngeke bakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni ngokugcwele bendabuko imithombo yamandla.

Ugesi wemisebe yelanga yiwona akakwazi yimbangela enjalo ngezinga ezimbonini ngenxa yesizathu esilula - kwabantu eliphansi solar energy yokucucuza. Sikhishwe yokuthi Belarus has kuphela yesithathu ngomnyaka libalele, izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kuka 30% wezwe kufanele anikezwe solar amandla plant ukuhlangabezana ugesi walo funa. Kodwa ngisho ngaphansi kwalesi simo kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lezi izibalo enziwa ikhumbula nekusebenta iziteshi 100%. Empeleni, namuhla leli nani imi eziyishumi nanhlanu angu.

It kuvela ukuthi empeleni, ngaphansi solar amandla plant kuzodinga yonke indawo amasimu Belarus nomakhelwane balo uthi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwakhiwa kanye ne-operation ye-geliostantsy zidinga izindleko omkhulu.

Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane nokusetshenziswa umoya energy, emifuleni, geothermal imithombo.