Imidlalo yokudlala. Amathoyizi adlalayo ayamemeza. Ukudweba kwamathoyizi ebumba

Udonga lobumba lwaseRussia lwaluyingxenye yokuphila kwabantu iminyaka eminingi. Ubuciko ekwenzeni izinto ezinjalo kanye namasiko wezinhlaka zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Lezi zibukeka njengezintambo ziwuphawu lokuhle, umsebenzi nokuphila kwabantu baseRussia.

Umlando wemvelaphi yamathoyizi ebumba

Emkhakheni wezwe lakithi i-archaeologists ithole amathoyizi ezindala zobumba kusukela esikhathini seminyaka yesibili BC. Babengama-rattles, izitsha ezihlukahlukene kanye nokulingiswa kwamathuluzi amancane. Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga (eMoscow, eRyazan), amathoyizi emvelaphi kamuva aphinde atholakale. Babenenzuzo yezenkolo futhi kwenziwa ngezindlela zabantu, izinyoni, amahhashi. Lezi zithoyizi zadalwa ngokubunjwa kusuka ebumba bese zigosa kuhhavini. Ngezinye izikhathi babehlotshiswe ngomdwebo futhi behlanganiswa ngokuqhwaqhaza.

Umlando wesitokisi sobumba wenziwa ngokushesha. Ukukhiqizwa kwalo eminyakeni eyi-17-18. Hamba ngokushesha. Izibalo zenziwe ngokukhethekile ekudayiseni emasimini entwasahlobo. Ugqoko luyisipulasitiki kanye nezinto ezilula. Kwakungekona nje ukwakheka izitsha. Wenza zonke izinhlobo zamathoyizi-izinkhwelo, izithombe zabantu, izinyoni, izilwane, ama-rattles kanye nokunye okuningi. Inkosi ngayinye yayinesitayela sayo kanye nendlela yokubunjwa nokuhlobisa umkhiqizo. Lapho u-Alexei Mikhailovich, njengezikhumbuzo nezipho, izinto ezinjalo zazinikela ngokuzithandela ukuthenga inkantolo yasebukhosini.

Ngaleso sikhathi, amathoyizi ebumba ayebunjwa kusukela ezincane kuya ezinkulu. Wazibandakanya kulokhu ingxenye enkulu ekwindla-ebusika, lapho kwakukhona isikhathi esiningi samahhala emakhaya. Futhi kuze kube yilolu suku ithoyizi lomuntu elenziwe ngobumba alilahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwalo. Kudalwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezingafani zefomu nombala, unamandla okumlingo wokuletha induduzo, ukufudumala nokuzizwa kahle endlini.

Idayuni yobuciko kazwelonke: umehluko emvelaphi kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza

Amathoyizi angahluka ekubunjweni kobumba, okwenziwe ngezandla zobuciko, nangendlela yokufanekisa izici zalokhu noma uhlobo lomkhiqizo. Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zenziwe ngobumba obukhulu. Ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukwenza amathoyizi aseFilimonov. Umkhiqizo ngamunye ubhekene nezinhlobo ezithile nemibala, okuxhomeke kulolu hlobo lobumba olutholakala endaweni ethile kanye nezinto zalo zepulasitiki.

Amathoyizi amancane, okwenziwe ngaphambili, amele igatsha elikhethekile lebumba, elondolozwe kuze kube yilolu suku. Ukucabangela nokulula kuyindlela esemqoka yokufanisa lezi zimikhiqizo ngabadwebi bendabuko.

Amathoyizi aseCroatia ayathandwa kakhulu : Abashevsky, Kargopol, Smokovsky, Filimonovskie, njll. Lobuciko usakaze emazweni amaningi emhlabeni.

I- toy yokudlala i-Kargopolskaya: umlando wokuvuselela

Igama lalezi zihloko ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala, idolobha laseKargopol, esifundazweni sase-Arkhangelsk, noma kunalokho amadolobhana azungezile. Kwakukhona lapho okokuqala abalimi bakha amathoyizi avela ezintweni ezifinyeleleka kakhulu kulezi zindawo - ubumba.

Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu umlando wokuvuselela kwalokhu kudoba. Ngokuphathelene nezinye izinhlobo zamakhono, ukuvuselelwa okwakuhlelwe ngezikhathi zaseSoviet, ubuciko bezingane zaseKargopol eRussia ngesikhathi esisodwa zalahleka. Noma kunjalo, amanye amasampula emikhiqizo agcinwe futhi alethwe ezinsukwini zethu ngenxa ka-Ulyana Babkina. Wayekwazi ukunikeza impilo yesibili enhlobonhlobo yemikhumbi. Amathoyizi amancane, izithombe zazo ezinikezwe ngezansi, zibonise zonke izici nezindawo ezikhethekile zendawo ezivela kuyo.

Izici zokubukeka kwedoli likaKargopol

Imisebenzi yezakwaKargopol, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izihlobo zazo, zihlukaniswa nokubukeka kwazo ngokuyinhloko. Noma kunjalo, ziyabonakala ngokujwayelekile ngohlobo lwabo, isitayela nokudweba.

Izindaba zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:

• Amathoyizi anemininingwane ekhombisa indlela yokuphila yasemaphandleni, kanye nokuphindaphinda izindaba ezinhle. Izihloko zingahluka ngokuphelele - "Intombazane yokugeza", "Abadobi", "Amahhashi amathathu" nokunye okunjalo.
• Izinhlobo ezindala - zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, i-polkan (indoda enomzimba wehhashi), ushaka (owesifazane onamajuba ezandleni zakhe).

Isihloko esiqakatheke kakhulu semikhosi yalezi zithoyizi "umama-wesifazane", omzimba wakhe onamandla okuphila "umhlaba onomama" nomhlaba. Umlingani ozithandayo phakathi kwabadwebi baseKargopol ngumfanekiso wesifazane "Bobka".

Abaphathi bamanje bangaqalwa izifundo ezintsha ngokulondolozwa kwezibonakaliso zeToygopol ithoyizi. Lokhu kuphela kwandisa inqwaba yezithombe eziningi zemisebenzi yezandla.

Uma ulandela wonke amasiko, ithoyizi elidwetshiwe liyisithunzi esimhlophe, elihlotshiswe ngemibala ehlukene, kodwa ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi i-gloss kanye nemininingwane engadingekile. Naphezu kwemibala ehlukahlukene, ama-shades, kufaka phakathi okukhanyayo, bhekani kunamathele. Ukudweba ubuso kuyinto elula.

Amaphethini omdabu

Ukudweba amathoyizi enobumba kulula, kodwa kuthatha isikhathi eside. Lapha ungabona ama-rectangles, ama-oval, ama-rhombuses, imivimbo, imivimbo, ama-specks, ama-oblique crosses. Iqoqo lamapende ikakhulukazi liqukethe ama-brown, ocher, black, green, izitini ezibomvu nezibomvu. Imibala yesiliva negolide yengezwa ngokungajwayelekile .

Bhala amakhanda: ukubaluleka kwabo nezinkolelo zabo

Amageyimu okudlala amathoyizi aqala ukubonwa njengengane yomdlalo esanda kufushane. Ngaphambili, ngesikhathi sezinkolo zamaqaba, lezi zibalo zazibaluleke kakhulu emlenzeni. Babevame ukwesaba imimoya emibi.

I-consinecy yePinega ithi isitokisi sikwazi ukuheha izifo. Futhi inhloso efanayo yayinezingoma ezahlukene. Babevame ukuchithwa ngesimo sezilwane ezihlukahlukene nezinyoni, okuvamile, kwakuyinhloko yendabuko yamaThanshi omuntu waseRussia.

Esifundazweni saseTula, kwakukhona izinkolelo ukuthi amacilongo angasusa umonakalo kumuntu futhi abuyisele kulowo owuthumele. Lezi noma ezinye izinhlobo zezithombe zingakwazi ukukhulula kwezifo ezihlukahlukene. Njengomthetho, babekwe phambi kwefasitela ukuvikela ingane ebubini nasezifweni.

Ngekhulu le-19, umkhuba wasendulo wawuqhutshwa eVatatka ngokusetshenziswa komloyi wokudlala, oklanyelwe ukuxosha amandla amabi nokuheha abahle. Leli holide lalibizwa ngokuthi "Svistoplyaska" noma "Whistler". Lezi zinsuku abadala nabantwana basemkhwela ngamabhongo ebumba, bagxila emidlalweni nasemnandi.

Kuyini ukuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi eyenziwe ngobumba?

Uma sicabangela yonke imisebenzi yamakhosi asekuqaleni nesimanje, kuhlanganise nabangaphandle, umuntu angabona izinhlobo eziningi zemishini yemphala. Kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi i-picchoo - ithuluzi lokubhoboza izimbobo kudoti. Ngesikhathi ubude bazo zonke amathuluzi cishe kufana - kusuka ku-80 mm kuya ku-100 mm. Kodwa-ke, isigaba esinqamule singahlukahluka kakhulu - nxazonke, esinesigxathu noma se-rectangular.

Ukuthengwa kwenkosi ngayinye kuyithuluzi lakhe siqu, elenziwe yedwa, ngakho-ke le nqubo ihlukile kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi umphumela, ngokufanayo, uhlukile kwabanye. Noma kunjalo, kunezindlela eziziwa zokwenza imicu ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izandla kuphela.

Ukubaluleka kwezihloko ezenziwe ngesandla ezweni lanamuhla

Ukwenza amathoyizi zobumba kuyinkqubo yomuntu ngamunye. Imisebenzi enjalo iyasiza kakhulu emibuthanweni yesikolo. Ngosizo lwabo, umuntu angabangela izingane ukuba nesithakazelo nokuthanda isiko lomhlaba, ukuthuthukisa amakhono emoto, ukunambitheka kwezobuciko, ukubekezela isitimela, ukubekezela nokubekezela.

Izakhiwo zobumba, ezisebenza ekukhiqizeni amathoyizi

Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi amathoyizi ebumba, kuhlanganise namakhanda, akhiwa ngobumba. Ngokwemvelo yayo, itholakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile emva kokudubula itshintsha umbala wayo ube mhlophe noma obomvu. Ngakho-ke, laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "liquefied" noma "red-hot".

I-Clay ibeka

Ubumba obomvu obunobumba bubanzi kakhulu. Njengomthetho, kwenzeka emagwini amachibi nemifula, imifula nemithambeka. Ingatholakala nakwezakhi zokwakha ngesikhathi sokucubungula.

Kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi ubumba bemvelo noma ophilayo akuzona ngaso sonke isikhathi esifanele ukwenza imishini, njengoba ihlale iqukethe zonke izinhlobo zobuncwane - amatshe amancane, isihlabathi nokunye okunjalo. Ukushaywa ngesikhwama sesihlabathi kuze kufike ku-5% kubizwa ngokuthi "i-greasy", kanti enye isabelo sesihlabathi sifinyelela ku-30%, ibizwa ngokuthi "sincike".

Ukukhiqiza umkhonto wekhwalithi, kufanele uthathe impahla ephakathi nendawo (10-15%).

Ukulungiswa kwempahla yomsebenzi

Inhlama yesikhumba, noma umthamo we-ceramic, ingxube eye yadlula inqubo ethile yezobuchwepheshe, emva kwalokho ilungele ukwakha ubumba. Esikhathini samakhamera, imishini ekhethekile isetshenziselwa lokhu - imishini yokucindezela, izikrini, izigulini zamabhola, njll. Kodwa ngokwenza imali encane, inqubo yonke ingenziwa lula.

Izigaba zobuchwepheshe:

• Thola udaka emsebenzini wakho. Inani elincane lezinto kufanele lifakwe kuqala kuhhavini ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwalo ukusebenza.
• Ebusweni obuhlanzekile, uchithe izimbane bese uyomisa.
• Bese uwachoboza bese ususa ukungcola okukhona kwe-chips, amatshe, ukucwenga, njll.
• Esikhathini somhlabathi wanezela amanzi ngokulinganisa izingxenye ezintathu zamanzi kanye nengxenye eyodwa yobumba. Yenza isisombululo kahle.
• Vumela inqwaba ihlelwe kuze kube yilapho ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke (amatshe nesihlabathi) ihlala phansi. Amanzi ahlanzekile asele kufanele ahlungwe ngokucophelela.
• Faka umcengezi wangaphakathi wobumba bese uwufaka emgodini wokugeza noma ibhakede.
• Vumela ingxube ukuba iphele kuze kube yilapho inhlama enamandla, bese kuthi ngesikhathi somsebenzi ngeke isinamathele ezandleni zakho.
• Gcoba ubumba ukuze ususe ama-bubbles angaphezu kwe-air.
• Ikhwalithi yezinto eziphathekayo ingahlolwa ngalendlela elandelayo: gcwalisa isisindo esinebubanzi obuyi-15-20 mm, uyibophe kancane kancane. Uma indawo yokugcoba ihlala ibushelelezi, ngaphandle kokuphahlazeka noma cishe ngaphandle kwayo, khona-ke lesi silwane sifanele ukwenza amacilongo.
• Ukuze ulondolozwe okunokwethenjelwa, inqwaba ewumphumela kufanele ifakwe esikhwameni se-cellophane futhi ivalwe ngokuqinile. Ngalolu hlobo, ubumba lungaphikelela izinyanga ezimbalwa. Endaweni enomile, ungangezela amanzi amancane bese uwahlanza ngokuphelele.

Uma kuzinhlelo zakho - ukwenza izinkomba ezimbalwa kuphela, zama ukusebenzisa ulwazi olutholakalayo kuwe ngaphandle kokuchazwa kwangaphambi kwelapha. Ukukhishwa kwamanye amasheyithi kakade sekulungele ukusetshenziswa. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukulungisa ukwaziswa ngezindlela ezifakwe kuhlu, khona-ke kungathengwa kumabhizinisi asebenza ekwenzeni imikhiqizo ye-ceramic, ezitolo zobuciko noma ezitolo ze-intanethi.