Craft - a ... Uhlobo yezandla. Folk yezandla

Ukuvela izikebhe uwela ekuqaleni eziningi ezenziwa ezimbonini yomuntu. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, eyaziwa iziqalo imisebenzi izikebhe.

Umqondo yezandla

Craft - umsebenzi ezimbonini, esekelwe womshini izinto zezimboni usebenzisa amandla okusebenza kwabantu ezincane imanuwali, linqoba ngaphambi ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza umshini futhi uqhubeke.

Indoda obelokhu nomkhiqizi professional lezinto ngokuthi umbazi.

Uyini Folk yezandla

Folk yezandla abizwa ngokuthi izinto, okuyinto eyenziwe ezivamile edayisa izinto namadizayini elula. Folk yezandla nhlobonhlobo imisebenzi yakhe yokudala, imikhiqizo labo abenziwe ngezandla zabo, futhi avame ngezinto zemvelo noma eduze kwabo (ukhuni, indwangu, metal, njll). Lo msebenzi wakhiqizwa kusukela yezandla yasekhaya enziwa uma kudingeka izinto zasekhaya. Njengoba ngobuciko, yezandla ziye zashintsha kuncike isiko, inkolo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - ukubukwa zezombusazwe.

umlando izikebhe

Craft inomlando omude nesenzakalo. imiphakathi lwasekuqaleni ngokuvamile wahlanganyela ukuhweba yasekhaya, yokukhiqiza izinto itshe, amathambo, ubumba, ukhuni, njll izikebhe Homemade - kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo ezidingekayo kwezolimo. Kwezinye izindawo, ngisho namuhla lo msebenzi ubalulekile.

Kamuva, abantu baqala ukuhola ngendlela okunethezekile wokuphila, kwakukhona sezingcweti. izingcweti Abaningi babesebenza ngezizathu zezomnotho zamakhosi, amathempeli, izigodlo zezindela slaveholders (Ancient Egypt, Rome Lasendulo, Greece Ancient amazwe Naharayimi). Ekuqaleni i ingcweti sisebenza sodwa, kodwa ngoba wanikeza imali encane inkosi, waqala ukuhlanganyela eqenjini. La maqembu nabizelwa artels wathatha oda ezivela emphakathini. Abanye abaculi wadabula nemizana, kanti abanye baye wayehlala futhi esebenza endaweni eyodwa. Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ku-oda baye kwavula ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa amadolobha ayizikhungo wezandla imisebenzi kanye ukuhweba. Kuze kube namuhla emiphakathini eminingi walondoloza amagama emigwaqo, ekhomba indawo umsebenzi master. Ngokwesibonelo, Potter - ke kwakuhlelwa ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngobumba, Isikhumba - lesikhumba ukucutshungulwa, ukukhiqizwa yemikhiqizo yesikhumba, Ukulungisa of nezicathulo, isitini - ethwele izitini.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi kwakukhona uhlobo izikebhe okhokhelwayo. Emadolobheni, isigaba esisha wokuxhumana nomphakathi - lokhu ababazi ezisemadolobheni. Amagatsha main lomuzi izikebhe babe :. ekhiqizwa lezinto eyinsimbi suknodelie, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ingilazi, njll wizadi Urban possessed amalungelo ezifana edolobheni kwesokudla, izikebhe esitolo, inkululeko siqu.

Njengoba sekunama- izinguquko kwezezimboni , izinhlobo eziningi yezandla ilahlekelwe ubuholi bayo emkhakheni wezezimboni, namafemu baqala ukusebenzisa umshini. Namuhla, abantu abazi imisebenzi yezandla ezigcinwe izimboni ukuthi wokunakekela izidingo siqu amakhasimende, futhi enkulu ekwakhekeni ezibizayo art imikhiqizo (bezicathulo, abathungi, Jewelers, abaculi, kanye nabanye.).

Umlando yentuthuko yezandla eRussia

Inani labantu base-amadolobha Russian kakhulu lalinabashumayeli netingcweti temsebenti. Iningi lazo bekwi nasekuqiniseni ukukhiqizwa. Kamuva, kusukela Blacksmithing kwakhiwa amapayipi ngezinye izikhathi. imikhiqizo yayo bayindlala kakhulu eYurophu. Ukukhiqizwa izikhali labelwe amakhosi ukwenziwa neminsalo, izibhamu, quivers, njll Zempi ababazi Russian babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli umyalelo ezidlula ephakeme ukwedlula Turkish, umSiriya futhi Italian.

Ngokusho zemihla ngemihla, e 1382 eRussia kwakukhona izibhamu. Ekhulwini le-14-ke bakha Foundry (ekubunjweni izinsimbi). Nge amaMongol ahlasele ukukhiqizwa zabhuntsha.

Jewellery Ukwenza bakhonza izidingo ebukhosini. imikhiqizo Ilondolozwe (imifanekiso, amabhande egolide, izitsha, incwadi Ukubophezeleka) ifakazela efaneleyo okusezingeni eliphezulu ubucwebe izingcweti emkhakheni zokuqopha, ubuciko thusi, ekwakheni, nginyathela neselula. Ekhulwini le-14 zaqala minting zemali e principalities eziningana Russian Owadala ukuhweba yemali. Emakethe futhi anhlobonhlobo amakhasimende yabalelwa lesikhumba, shoemaking nezitsha zobumba. Clay ukwenza ezihlukahlukene izitsha, amathoyizi kanye zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha ezakhiwa amabandla itshe (ikakhulukazi zamatshe amhlophe) bese ubeka umbhoshongo iwashi nge impi.

Imisebenzi abaculi ziye zaba nomthelela ekululameni monakalo emva Tatar-Mongol Ukuhlasela. yezandla Russian ziye zathinta ukulungiswa izimo zomnotho kuleli ukudalwa Russian isimo eyodwa.

Kusukela 1917, inani ababazi eRussia lehla kakhulu, bahlanganiswe e co-op abakhiqizi '. Kodwa manje yezandla Russian zihlanganisa eziningana omhlaba bodumo Folk art kanye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Imihlobo ehlukeneko kanye izinhlobo yezandla

Izinhlobo yezandla kwakhiwa kusukela impahla kuyiphi into yenziwa. Kwaphela isikhathi eside abantu bazi izikebhe ezifana:

• Blacksmithing.
• Wokubaza.
• Ukwaluka.
• Ukubumba.
• Joinery.
• Isipina.
• Ubucwebe.
• Ukubhaka.
• Ukushuka.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - ingenye sezifundo zokuqala ukuthi kwavela Russia. Abantu baye bamangale ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukubukela umsebenzi wensimbi. Ayengaziqondi indlela grey wizadi benza izinto ezimangalisayo metal. Izizwe eziningi ngensimbi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli cishe nabathakathi.

Ngasekuqaleni smithing edingekayo nolwazi olukhethekile futhi workshop wahlomisa ngokukhethekile nge eningi namathuluzi. Metal smelted kusukela bog netshe, okuyinto misela entwasahlobo nokuwa. Smiths Old Russian ekhiqizwa abalimi amasikela, amageja, abukhali, futhi amasosha - imikhonto, izinkemba, izimbazo nemicibisholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi izindwani epulazini nenhlanzi izingwegwe, okhiye izingidi, izinaliti, njll

Namuhla, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye kancane washintsha phelelisa smithing, kodwa namanje funa. UKWAKHA yobuciko ukuhlobisa emahhovisi, zokuhlala, izindlu zasemaphandleni, amapaki, izingadi zomphakathi, kuba ikakhulukazi funa design landscape.

Ubucwebe izikebhe

izikebhe okokuhloba sika - omunye omdala emlandweni wesintu. Made igolide, isiliva namatshe ayigugu okwesikhathi eside kubhekwe njengophawu lokuba ngamandla nangengcebo, abafunda ekilasini le ahlukile. Emuva e-10 - 11 eminyaka Jewelers babe idume ngamakhono abo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuyinto fan okhuthele ubucwebe. Ubuhlalu ayenziwa ngesikhumba amatshe ayigugu noma ingilazi enombala, ukumiswa noma imiklamo ehlukahlukene (ngokuvamile izilwane), isiliva ethempelini izindandatho ukuthi kuhoxisiwe kusukela headgear, noma kuxhumene kwekhanda, amasongo, njll kolts

Ngekhulu le-18 kwaba sokuthuthwa kwempahla Russian imigexo art. Ngaso nje ngalesi sikhathi, ubungcweti "igolide kanye wesiliva," yabizwa ngokuthi "ngamagugu". Ekhulwini le-19 amakhosi Russian uvele unendlela yakhe, ukuze imigexo namuhla Russian ahlukile. Saqala umsebenzi walo baba inkampani abadumile Grachev bazalwane, Ovchinnikov futhi Faberge.

Namuhla, inani labantu ngokuqondene ukuchuma ezikhulayo ezingasho abadinga kakhulu ubucwebe.

zobumba

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ngekhulu 10th eRussia izitsha zobumba ezaziwayo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngesandla, futhi iningi izandla zesifazane. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla ukuqina umkhiqizo obumbeni zixutshwe amagobolondo ezincane, isihlabathi, asebenza ngebhethri, egwadle, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izitshalo nezitsha zobumba shards.

Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho kwakukhona isondo a yombumbi, okuyinto lula umsebenzi sombumbi. Circle kuholele ukunyakaza bengalo yakho, bese kwezinyawo zakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sitsha baba amadoda uzihlanganisa.

Industrial ukuziphilisa zobumba safinyelela ekhulwini le-18. Petersburg kamuva e Moscow, efemini sobumba.

Izinto ezenziwe ababumbi banamuhla namanje isigqoko. Namuhla zobumba - umsebenzi ethandwa ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia, futhi isidingo imikhiqizo Ceramic ngezandla njalo ziyanda.