Ikhodi uHammurabi: eyisisekelo imithetho, incazelo kanye nomlando. Ikhodi uHammurabi yinkosi

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, umphakathi wesintu uye wafuna ukulawula ukuziphatha ezakhamuzi zayo, amalungelo nemisebenzi, isimo sabo emphakathini, kanye nesimo. I amasethi emidala kakhulu esekhona kwemithetho iyona Ikhodi uHammurabi, wadala eminyakeni 4000 edlule. Lo mbhalo lomthetho akanayo analogue esikhathini eside esadlulako kakhulu, namanje kuyabamangaza abacwaningi.

A yokuthola esiyingqayizivele

Ikhodi ye uHammurabi kwatholakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX ensimini ka-Iran yanamuhla.

Ngo-1901, ithimba labavubukuli waseFrance, eholwa Jacques de Morgan, olwenziwa imivubukulo iSusa. Kukhona isimo Elamu ezinsukwini yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo - imbangi ezinindwe iBabiloni lasendulo.

Lo mkhankaso ithole izingcezwana amathathu ukuphakama basalt kukholomu cishe 2 amamitha. Lapho sihlanganyela nabo, kwaba sobala ukuthi lena yokuthola esiyingqayizivele. Ngo engxenyeni engenhla tshe wayeyinkosi noma umbusi isithombe, efinyelela unkulunkulu uShamash okuyinto yayiphethe okuthile njengomqulu wencwadi. Lesi sibalo elandelayo futhi ohlangothini ngemuva tshe Stitch babe-cuneiform izinhlamvu.

Mhlawumbe, ama-Elamu nenkani kwelinye kuphangwa zabo ziye lakhishwa tshe yaseBhabhiloni ayiswe Elamu. Abahlaseli, cishe, wasihlephula, ngemva bula umugqa wokuqala bhalo oqoshiwe.

Basalt ikholomu ihanjiswe Louvre, lapho umbhalo kulo ziqala futhi wahumushela assirologii Uprofesa J.-V. Sheila. Kwatholakala kube ikhodi yaseBabiloni yinkosi uHammurabi, equkethe iqoqo oluningiliziwe lwemithetho. Kamuva izinto wabhubhisa zobhejane ngesisekelo amarekhodi ezibhebheni zobumba, kuhlanganise umtapo ka-Ashurbanipal ezitholakala aseNineve lasendulo.

KweBabiloni 18 eminyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu

Lomhlangano kungaba ngokuthi uHammurabi isihloko ekwakhiweni kwemithetho yamandulo. It yadalwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla uMbuso WaseBabiloni ku BC XVIII leminyaka. e. Babuphelele isimo isikhathi nge siqala kungagcini amandla eqinile wasebukhosini. Kubhekwe yisikhonzi ophakeme imithetho unkulunkulu inkosi, sithembele abapristi, futhi izenzo zakhe kanye ukuziphatha yimuphi omunye umhlali yaseBhabhiloni, kulawulwa umthetho. Lesi saga sibonisa Ikhodi uHammurabi, ogama izihloko abazinikele amalungelo nemisebenzi izakhamuzi.

Ngesisekelo emnothweni yaseBhabhiloni lasendulo kwaba wezolimo, nejoka umbusi ukuqapha isimo emkhakheni, ikakhulukazi njengoba iningi ezweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu isimo.

Uhlelo lakhiwa avunyelwe izikhulu ngempumelelo ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokubusa, lebutho emi bavikela hhayi imingcele kuphela, kodwa futhi oda yangaphakathi kanye igunya lenkosi.

UHammurabi - jikelele kanye sikahulumeni

Kwafika Obani amandla esemncane of uHammurabi owayevelele njengenceku umhleli ezivelele futhi umholi ohlakaniphile. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe kweminyaka engu-amathathu ezingaphezu kuka, lapho ehlelekile bararulule imiraro engaba ezinkulu ezintathu.

• Ukuhlanganisa disparate futhi behlale belwa uthi phakathi kweMilambo ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo ngesisekelo oqinile isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa.
• Ukusungulwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho nje, okuyinto ehlanganiswe Ikhodi uHammurabi.

Futhi kufanele kube ngincome lo mbusi oluvelele: yayingekhona nje babhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokuphazamiseka komsebenzi, kodwa futhi baba ngiyabonga elidume ikhodi yabo.

Ikhodi uHammurabi. izici Jikelele

Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka imigqa yokuqala ka-cuneiform umbhalo, injongo eyinhloko Ikhodi - ukusungulwa ubulungiswa jikelele. Yisiboniso eyinhloko umthombo zonke izibusiso kumenyezelwe ukuthi iyinkosi.

Ingxenye esemqoka ikhodi - lesi sihloko yomthetho egumbini labo, kukhona angamakhulu amaningana. Naphezu isikhalazo konkulunkulu esethulweni, esihlokweni ngokwaso akanayo uxhumano izici zenkolo yokuphila abantu bangaleso sikhathi, futhi baxoxela kuphela izici ezingokomthetho.

Ekuphetheni kwale dokhumenti inkosi ubala ngezinkonzo zakhe ukuze izwe futhi konkulunkulu bamukela indlela ngenkathi abaqhoshayo futhi linxusa isijeziso onkulunkulu phezu kwamakhanda umthetho-oluseduze.

Isici Ikhodi uHammurabi kungenziwa inikezwe njengenkulumo, isikhulumi zomthetho futhi iphuzu zomlando umbono.

Umphumela womsebenzi umthetho uHammurabi

.. Njengoba idokhumenti yezomthetho kweKhodi inkosi yakwa uHammurabi - iqoqo imithetho elawula ukuziphatha izakhamuzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene: ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ibhizinisi, umndeni kanye yasendlini, etc. Lokho, Ikhodi sihloko zihlobene kokubili amalungelo ebugebengu kanye, ngisho eBhabhiloni lasendulo, ngaphakathi imiqondo le wayengekho.

Imithetho isethi imithetho isekelwe umthetho wesintu, ngamasiko asendulo futhi umthetho ubudala nesi. Kodwa uHammurabi Ikhodi futhi wanezela embonweni wakhe ubuhlobo zomthetho.

Solid-cuneiform Umbhalo kungatholakala tshe, abacwaningi ihlukaniswe izigaba noma izinto angaqoqwa ngesihloko:

• izihloko eziphathelene ubudlelwane impahla: namalungelo okuthola ifa, izibopho kwezomnotho enkosini isimo;
• umthetho umndeni;
• izihloko ezihlobene amacala obugebengu: ukubulala, ukucwiya, ukweba.

Nokho, "isahluko" Ikhodi lokuqala kakhulu uchaza izinyathelo eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela nangobudlova ezinkantolo, futhi imithetho elawula ukuziphatha amajaji. Loku kuyehluka kuneminye imithetho uHammurabi isimiso esidala.

impahla kwesokudla

Izihloko eziphathelene kule nkundla, nokuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela amalungelo endawo, nge kuqala babe impahla isimo futhi impahla yenkosi. Umbusi naye unelungelo okukhethekile ukulahla izwe lonke isimo, umphakathi kanye zikhokhelwe Treasury for the ukusetshenziswa intela yomhlaba.

Regulation amalungelo obunikazi bomhlaba, kuhlanganise nalezo wathola maqondana nemisebenzi kanye nemigomo ye-sokuqasha isakhiwo Ikhodi kunikezwa a lot of ukunakwa. Ichaza imithetho ukusetshenziswa uchelela izakhiwo kanye isijeziso umonakalo owenziwe kubo. Ikhodi siphinde sihlinzekele nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa isijeziso ukuhlabana ngokungafanele, ekusizeni isigqila nombaleki, Vikela impahla yomunye, nokunye. D.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Ikhodi uHammurabi equkethwe eziningi ngempela lesichubekako sikhathi izihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sako, izikweletu ebugqilini ubengumzimba iminyaka emithathu, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu izikweletu.

umthetho umndeni

ubuhlobo bomkhaya, njengoba Ikhodi wayenomfazi wezinzalamizi nezingane ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba zilalele inkosi yendlu, ngokomthetho umuntu engase abe namakhosikazi athandwa nguye eziningana nezigqila yini ukuthi bathathe izingane. Umkakhe nezingane balungisa eqinisweni impahla amadoda. Ubaba angase ukuphuca amadodana ifa.

Nokho, lona wesifazane, kwakungeyona ngempela ngakho engenamandla. Uma umyeni wamphatha cishe, entweni ethile ngaphandle kobufakazi abasolwa lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso, inkosikazi yayiphethe ilungelo ukubuyela abazali yabo, bayise isipho. Wayebona ngumnikazi awabo, futhi kwezinye izimo ukwenza ukuthengiselana.

Emshadweni lalinabashumayeli isivumelwano prenuptial, okuyinto ubeka ilungelo umkakhe, kuhlanganise impahla.

Izijeziso lizinga lemacala lentiwe ukuphila nempilo izakhamuzi

Nezijeziso ngamacala obugebengu ezichazwe Ikhodi, kuhluke unya - isijeziso ezivamile kwaba isigwebo sentambo. Futhi ikakhulukazi izihloko komthetho ophathelene nokwelelesa wancika okwandile ezikhathini zasendulo, isimiso ukuziphindiselela, owawuthi isijeziso Kufanele kube okufanayo (okulingana) lobugebengu.

Lena okunengqondo ngokombono ukwazi ngabantu basendulo isimiso ngokuvamile alethwa aluhlaza cwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye izihloko ikhodi ke uthi uma umakhi owakhé indlu iyashesha ukuthinteka, futhi ngenxa ngokuwa endlini wabulala indodana umnikazi, kubalulekile ukubulala umakhi ingane.

Ngezinye izikhathi kuhlawuliswa angase indawo enhle, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa lingamlimazanga inceku.

Abahluleli Special emphakathini eBhabhiloni lasendulo bengingamazi, futhi ukukhokhela ubudlelwane phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye ekutholweni izinhlawulo bugebengu ehilelekile izikhulu zokuphatha kanye nabantu abavelele balo muzi. Chief Justice, nabanokwahlulela awuzange uphikise, ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha inkosi ngokwayo.

Ezinsukwini uHammurabi yayikhona ethempelini, kodwa musa ukudlala indima ebalulekile kwecala kuphela Bafunga phambi esifanekisweni unkulunkulu ethempelini.

UHammurabi njengoba idokhumenti zomlando

Ikhodi uHammurabi liwumthombo ehlukile Ukufunda umlando amalungelo nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, nokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye namasiko ezibonakalayo kwama-ke abantu ababehlala eMesophothamiya eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2000 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.

Baningi ezicashile kanye izici zokuphila eBhabhiloni lasendulo waziwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa le iqoqo lemithetho. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Nekhodi uHammurabi, izazi-mlando ukwazi ukuthi ngaphezu abavamile khulula negcwele nezigqila ngaphandle amalungelo, emphakathini eBhabhiloni namanje "mushkenum". Lokhu ngokwengxenye disenfranchised abampofu, wayikhonza inkosi noma isimo, ezifana ukwakhiwa kwemisele.

Ezolimo kanye nenqubomgomo yasekhaya, ezohwebo kanye ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, eluhlelweni lwemfundvo kanye nomndeni nomshado ubudlelwano - konke kwabonakala Ikhodi uHammurabi.