Ifilosofi China lasendulo: a emfushane ulwazi. Ifilosofi eNdiya yasendulo futhi China

Sinikeza ifilosofi China lasendulo, isifinyezo. nefilosofi Chinese inomlando okuyinto welula emuva ayizinkulungwane eziningana iminyaka. umsuka wayo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa Encwadi Izinguquko, i iqoqo ukubhula lasendulo, eyaqala 2800 BC, lapho banikezwa ezinye izinhlinzeko zoMthetho eyisisekelo ifilosofi Chinese. Ubudala wefilosofi Chinese kungenziwa kulinganiselwa cishe kuphela (izimbali yakhe yokuqala, ngokuvamile ukubizwa ngokuthi 6th ekhulwini BC), njengoba lo kuhlehlela emuva emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo we Neolithic. Kulesi sihloko ungakwazi ukuthola ukuthi kunani ifilosofi China lasendulo, kafushane bajwayelane izikole eziyisisekelo nezikole yokucabanga.

Umnqopho we ifilosofi East lasendulo (China) Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ufake ukukhathazeka esiwusizo indoda kanye nomphakathi, imibuzo mayelana nendlela ukuhlela ukuphila emphakathini, indlela yokuphila ukuphila okuphelele. Lokuziphatha kanye nefilosofi zezombusazwe ngokuvamile wathatha zize kuqala Metaphysics futhi epistemology. Esinye isici wefilosofi Chinese bebelokhu becabanga ngesimo kanye nesazisi, okwaholela ukuthuthukiswa indaba yobunye yomuntu neZulu, isihloko indima yomuntu kwi-yonke.

izikole ezine yokucabanga

izikole ezine ikakhulukazi enethonya elikhulu ukucabanga sekukhona esikhathini zakudala yomlando Chinese, elaqala 500 BC Kwakumelwe ubuConfucius, Daoism (ngokuvamile abhalwa ngokuthi "ubuTao"), monism futhi kuphenduka. Lapho China munye Qin Dynasty e 222 BC, ngemvume akhethwa njengosuku nefilosofi olusemthethweni. Emperors ngasekupheleni Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) wathatha ubuTao, futhi kamuva, azungeze 100 BC - ubuConfucius. Lezi zikole kwakugxile ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga Chinese ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. nefilosofi Buddhist ukuthi kwavela 1st ekhulwini BC, is ziyasatshalalaiswa ekhulwini 6th (ikakhulukazi phakathi nokubusa le Tang BakwaHan).

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi kwezimboni e yethu ifilosofi nesikhathi East lasendulo (China) selingaphezu zihlanganisa umqondo othathwe nefilosofi entshonalanga, okwakuwuphawu isinyathelo maqondana sesimanje. Ngaphansi kokubusa Marxism Mao sika, Stalinism, futhi namanye amafilosofi lamaKhomanisi yathi chithi saka e mpumalanga China. Hong Kong ne-Taiwan baye bavuselela isithakazelo imibono Confucian. Uhulumeni samanje Yabantu Republic of China isekela imfundiso ka emakethe ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Philosophy China sidilizwa kafushane lapha ngezansi.

izinkolelo ekuseni

Ekuqaleni le Shang Dynasty ezishukumisa yayisekelwe umqondo ukuphinda, okubangelwa okwashiwo yokungapheleli: ushintsho imini nobusuku, ushintsho zonyaka, Waxing futhi isiphela inyanga. Lo mbono wahlala olufanele kuwo wonke umlando-Chinese. Phakathi nokubusa Shang isiphetho ungase ukuphatha unkulunkulu omkhulu Shang Di, lahunyushelwa Russian - ". UNkulunkulu uMninimandla onke" Ukukhulekela amadlozi naye wayekhona, njengoba kwakunjalo nangabaningi imihlatshelo bezilwane nabantu.

Lapho Shang lwamakhosi lanqotshwa aseChina, kwakukhona entsha ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, inkolo kanye nomqondo wefilosofi ye "Igunya eZulwini". Ngokusho kwakhe, uma umbusi ayihambisani indawo yayo, kungaba ligumbuqelwa futhi kuphenduke ngenye, ekahle. Imivubukulo naleso sikhathi ibonisa ukuthi ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukwanda kanye zokuqaleka esinqunyiwe kusukela inkolelo Shang Di. Ihlelo lika-okhokho kwanda, njengoba umphakathi waba wokuziphilisa ngaphezulu.

izikole engamakhulu

Babalelwa ku-500 BCE, ngemva isimo Zhou buthaka, kwafika isikhathi zakudala wefilosofi IsiShayina (cishe ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona zefilosofi lokuqala lesiGreki). Nkathi njengoba Izikole Angamakhulu ezaziwayo. Izikole eziningi eyasungulwa ngalesi sikhathi, futhi ngesikhathi esilandelayo-United ezilwayo, bobane ezinethonya kunazo babe ubuConfucius, ubuTao, kuphenduka moizm. Ngalesi sikhathi, kunenkolelo ukuthi Kofutsy wabhala "amaphiko Ten" futhi uchungechunge imibono kwi I Ching.

inkathi Imperial

Umuntu owasungula le eyesikhashana Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) obumbene China ngaphansi kwegunya nombusi esungulwe ngemvume njengoba ifilosofi olusemthethweni. Li Xi, umsunguli we kuphenduka Chancellor kombusi lokuqala Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang, wammemela ukucindezela nenkululeko yokukhuluma lezihlakaniphi makuqoqwe imibono izinkolelo zombusazwe kanye ngashisa zonke imisebenzi zakudala wefilosofi, umlando kanye izinkondlo. Kuphela izincwadi Li Xi esikoleni kwakufanele bavunyelwe. Ngemva kokuba babekhohlisiwe-alchemy ezimbili, wamthembisa ukuphila isikhathi eside, Qin Shi Huang wangcwatshwa ephila izazi 460. Kuphenduka silondoloze usithonye nje bababusi ngasekupheleni Han Dynasty (206 BC - 222 AD) bengalamukeli ubuTao, futhi kamuva, azungeze 100 BC, - ubuConfucius njengoba imfundiso engokomthetho. Nokho, ubuTao futhi ubuConfucius kwakungafanele amabutho juqu umcabango Chinese ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Ekhulwini 6th (ikakhulukazi phakathi nokubusa Tang BakwaHan) nefilosofi Buddhist iye emhlabeni waqaphela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokufana nge ubuTao. Lokho ngesikhathi kwaba ifilosofi China lasendulo, lubekwe ngokufingqiwe ngenhla.

ubuConfucius

UbuConfucius - izimfundiso lilonke esikweyoku Confucius, owayehlala iminyaka 551-479. BC

Philosophy China Lasendulo, konfutsianstvo kafushane kungenziwa elabekwa kanje. Kuyinto, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi yokucabanga zokuziphatha, zezenhlalo, kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo, okuyinto owaba nethonya elikhulu emlandweni impucuko Chinese. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ubuConfucius yinkolo isimo Imperial China. imibono Confucian ziyabonakala isiko China. Mencius (kwekhulu lesi-4 BC) babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu isithunzi kumelwe kuhlakulelwe ukuba abe "okuhle". Sun Tszy wabona isimo sobuntu njengoba abazalwa okubi kodwa ngokusebenzisa ukuzithiba nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano ngcono zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela enhle.

Confucius wayengahlosile wathola inkolo entsha, lapho efuna humusha abuye avuselele bayinkolo ongashiwongo ngegama Zhou Dynasty. Uhlelo yokubusa yenkolo yasendulo iye isiphelile ngokwayo: Kungani onkulunkulu uvumela izinkinga zenhlalo yokuhlupheka nokungabi nabulungisa? Kodwa uma kungenjalo imimoya uhlobo nemvelo, siyini isisekelo umyalelo ezinzile, iyunifomu nehlala njalo nomphakathi? Confucius babekholelwa ukuthi yilesi isisekelo kwenqubomgomo umsindo Nokho, ukusebenza, Zhou inkolo, amasiko alo. Akazange ukuhumusha le mikhuba njengomhlatshelo konkulunkulu, kodwa njengoba emkhosini Ihlanganisa amaphethini ophucukile namasiko zokuziphatha. Bona komculo ngaye nengaphakathi lokumukelekako emphakathini Chinese. Igama elithi "isiko" kufakwe imicikilisho yokusebenzelana nabantu - ngezilokotho kanye nezinkambiso wamukela yokuziphatha - lokho thina manje bizelani kimi nenhlonipho. Confucius wayekholelwa ukuthi umphakathi ophucukile kuphela kungaba inqubo ozinzile futhi luhlala isikhathi eside. Ifilosofi China lasendulo, izikole yokucabanga futhi abalandela izimfundiso zika eziningi ethathwe ubuConfucius.

ubuTao

UbuTao - kuyinto:

1) esikoleni yokucabanga, kusekelwe imibhalo le Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu) kanye Zhuangzi;

2) Isi-Chinese Folk inkolo.

"Tao" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "indlela", kodwa inkolo nefilosofi of China iyizwi wathatha nencazelo abstract ngaphezulu. Ifilosofi China lasendulo, incazelo emfushane okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, ngase ngifunde ngandise imiqondo leli qiniso abstract futhi obonakala ulula "indlela".

Yin ne-yang futhi izakhi emihlanu theory

Akwaziwa lapho umqondo izimiso ezimbili Yin and Yang, cishe-ke kuvela kwenkathi wefilosofi yamaShayina yasendulo. Yin and Yang - kukhona izimiso ezimbili aphelele kabani nokuxhumana yakha yonke imicimbi lokukwazi nezinguquko emkhathini. Yang - isimiso iyasebenza, futhi Yin - yokwenziwa. izakhi engeziwe, ezifana imini nobusuku, ukukhanya kuphelela khona ebumnyameni, umsebenzi kanye passivity nesilisa futhi njengabesifazane, nabanye ibonisa Yin and Yang. Zizonke, lezi zici ezimbili ezakha ngokuvumelana nomqondo ngokuvumelana osebenza ku imithi, ubuciko, karate, nokuphila social China. Ifilosofi China lasendulo, esikoleni yokucabanga futhi baye ithathe umqondo.

umqondo Yin-Yang ivame ukuhlotshaniswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela yizakhi ezinhlanu, echaza izenzakalo zemvelo nezenhlalo ngenxa inhlanganisela izici ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo noma isikhala ejenti: izinkuni, umlilo, umhlaba, zensimbi namanzi. Ifilosofi China lasendulo (kafushane ebekwe into ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sihloko) ngempela kuhlanganisa umqondo.

kuphenduka

Kuphenduka uthatha izimpande imibono wesazi sefilosofi Chinese xun Zi (310-237 BC.), Ubani babekholelwa ukuthi izimiso zokuziphatha ze kudingeka ukulawula ukuthambekela okubi yomuntu. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Developed wathandeka kakhulu lo mqondo a wobushiqela nefilosofi pragmatic zezombusazwe, isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi umuntu efuna ukugwema isijeziso, futhi ukufeza bazizuzise, ngoba abantu ngokwemvelo zobugovu futhi okubi. Ngakho, uma abantu ukuqala ukuzivocavoca ngokukhululekile ukuthambekela kwabo okungokwemvelo, lokho kuyoholela izingxabano futhi izinkinga zezenhlalo. Umbusi kumele balondoloze amandla abo ngosizo izingxenye ezintathu:

1) umthetho noma isimiso;

2) indlela, qhinga, ubuciko;

3) semthethweni, amandla, engasenathonya.

Umthetho kufanele jezisa kabi kanye nokukhulula izaphulamthetho kanye klomela labo efanele. Kuphenduka wakhethwa ukuba ifilosofi Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC.), Eyokuqala China onobunye. Ngokungafani nezinxushunxushu enembile ubuTao futhi ubuConfucian, ngemvume ubuhle uyazicabangela nezidingo-oda obalulekile kunabanye. imfundiso zezombusazwe ngesikhathi ngonya ngekhulu lesine BC.

Abagcini bomthetho babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni akufanele ukukhohliswa kwezifiso zenzisa lungafinyeleleki ka "isiko" futhi "isintu." Ngokombono wabo, ezama ukuthuthukisa impilo kuleli zwe ngemfundo neziphathelene nokuziphatha iziyalezo uyabhuntsha. Kunalokho, abantu bedinga uhulumeni ozobusa eqinile futhi ikhodi yokubukisa kwemithetho, kanye nombutho wamaphoyisa, okuyinto kuzodinga ukuhambisana azinabo nokungakhethi nemithetho kanye jezisa kabi izaphula-mthetho. Umuntu owasungula le Qin lwamakhosi, wabeka lezi zimiso wobushiqela yamathemba okusezingeni eliphezulu, ecabanga ukuthi ukubusa lwamakhosi wakhe uyokuma phakade.

Buddhism

Ifilosofi eNdiya yasendulo futhi China abe kuningi abafana ngakho. Nakuba ubuBuddha eladabuka India, kwakubaluleke kakhulu e-China. Kukholakala ukuthi ubuBuddha uvele China phakathi Han Dynasty. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-angamakhulu amathathu kamuva, phakathi nokubusa Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420 GG.), Wabhekana ukuqhuma ngokuya ithandwa. Kulezi iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu, abasekeli Buddhism Iningi zifiki, abantu abayimizulane abavela ezifundeni entshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi.

Ngomqondo othile, ubuBuddha akukaze bokutholwa e-China. Okungenani, hhayi ngesimo luyingxenye Indian. Ifilosofi eNdiya yasendulo futhi China usenayo okuningi umehluko. Izinganekwane igcwele izindaba amaNdiya, ezifana Bodhidharma, owatshala ezihlukahlukene Buddhism eChina, kodwa kukhona Ukukhuluma kancane kuzo kwesiphetho ushintsho, okuyinto kuncike imfundiso lapho olisunduza liye ku kwelinye izwe, ikakhulu endaweni ocebile esinjalo, yeka ukuthi China kwaba ngaleso sikhathi e maqondana umcabango yefilosofi.

Izici ezithile Indian Buddhism babe engaqondakali esisebenzayo ingqondo Chinese. Nge nesiko lako ukuzila ngofuzo umcabango wamaHindu, Indian Buddhism bangase basithathe kalula ifomu lomholo engamancozuncozu enikeziwe in ukuzindla (ukuzindla manje, sesifinyelele Nirvana kamuva).

AmaShayina, ama-zingaphansi kwethonya elinamandla yesiko, ukukhuthala ekhuthazayo kanye nokwaneliseka ngezidingo ezibalulekile, ayikwazanga ukwamukela lesi neminye imikhuba ezazibonakala uyinqaba futhi asihlobene ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa esaba yisizwe esisebenzayo, abaningi babo wabona futhi amacebiso amahle ngendlela ongaphendula Buddhism maqondana awabantu umphakathi.

War of the Nezikhulu Eight - yombango phakathi kweziphathamandla amakhosi Jin lwamakhosi esikhathini 291 306 eminyakeni, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho Kubantu abayimizulane ka enyakatho yeChina, kusukela Manchuria empumalanga Mongolia, inani elikhulu afakwe phakathi kwababusi amabutho mercenary ..

Ngesikhathi, lizinga isiko China sika ezombusazwe kuye kwehle ngokuphawulekayo savuka izimfundiso Lao Tzu futhi Chuang tzu, kancane kancane bazivumelanisa umcabango Buddhist. UbuBuddha, uvele India, e China wathatha nakumbona. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, umqondo Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Isazi sefilosofi Indian, ezinethonya kunazo sazi Buddhist emva Gautama UBuddha. Iqhaza layo main nefilosofi Buddhist kwaba ukuthuthukisa imiqondo sunyata (noma "voids") njengoba isici Buddhist gnoseology elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo futhi phenomenology. Ngemva ukungenisa ukuba umqondo China Sunyata lashintshwa lisuka "Igebe" ukuze "Okuthile ukhona" ngaphansi kwethonya bendabuko umcabango Chinese Lao Tzu futhi Chuang tzu.

moizm

Ifilosofi lasendulo China (kafushane) moizm based Mauzy sefilosofi (470-390 BC.), Ubani asiza ekusakazeni umbono lothando jikelele, ukulingana kwabo bonke abantu futhi. Mauzy babekholelwa ukuthi imfundiso endala ephathelene kuyinto impikiswano, ukuba abantu ziyodinga isiqondiso ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi amasiko ziyamukeleka. Ngo zokuziphatha moizm ayinqunywa isiko, it is Cishe kuhlobene nezinga utilitarianism, bezama ukuthola ezinhle abaningi kakhulu. Ngo moizm babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni - ithuluzi ukuba unikeze leso siqondiso futhi ukukhuthaza futhi ukhuthaze ukuziphatha komphakathi uyazuza abantu abaningi kakhulu. Izenzo ezifana ukucula nokudansa, zazibhekwa imfucuza kwezinsiza engasetshenziswa ukunikeza abantu ukudla nendawo yokukhosela. Mohists wadala ehleleke kakhulu isakhiwo imibono yabo yezombusazwe futhi Ayephila ukuphila okuphansi, ngiziphilela ukuphila ezincisha injabulo, kutilolonga kwezifiso zakhe. Kwakumelwe lingangcoliswa yinoma yiluphi uhlobo ubudlova futhi bayakholelwa amandla waphezulu ezulwini (Tien), okuyinto ujezisa ukuziphatha okubi.

Ufundile kobana umele ifilosofi China lasendulo (isifinyezo). Ukuze uthole ukuqonda more ephelele isiphakamiso eduze kakhudlwana bajwayelane ngamunye esikoleni ngokwehlukile. Izici wefilosofi Chinese asendulo ichazwe kafushane ngenhla. Sithemba ukuthi le nto eye yakusiza ukuba baqonde amaphuzu asemqoka kanye namanye kwaba usizo kuwe.