I ukumelana sangaphakathi kwamandla. Ukumelana - ifomula

Kagesi e umqhubi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya i kagesi emkhakheni izimbangela icala izinhlayiya uyeza okubi kokuqondisa yezokuvakasha. Ukudala zamanje kuyizinhlayiyana - inkinga engathí sina. Ukwakha idivaysi ziyogcina umehluko phakathi nekhono emkhakheni esimweni esifanayo isikhathi eside - umsebenzi esasinoJeremiya amandla lwesintu kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII.

Imizamo yokuqala

Imizamo yokuqala 'ukusindisa ugesi "ukuze aqhube ucwaningo lwakhe kanye nokusetshenziswa enziwa Netherlands. German Ewald Jurgen von Kleist kanye umDashi Pieter van Musschenbroek owayengifundela ucwaningo lwabo edolobheni Leiden, wadala capacitor wokuqala emhlabeni, kamuva owabizwa ngokuthi "Leyden imbiza".

Ukuthola kagesi isivele aphethwe ngomshikisho lokukhanda. Sebenzisa osenyameni ngokusebenzisa umqhubi ayengase othile, sasivumela iDemo, isikhathi sokuphumula.

Ukunqoba kokuhlakanipha kwabantu abaningi kangaka izidakamizwa esikhashana, ezifana nogesi, kwaba wamavukelambuso.

Ngeshwa, ukudedelwa (kagesi lamanje ekhiqizwa capacitor) yathatha Imfushane kangangokuba ukudala zamanje ngqo bahluleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo voltage okunikezwa capacitor kancane kancane kunciphisa, okuyinto engashiyi ithuba lokuthola lamanje okuqhubekayo.

Thina kwase kudingeka ngithole enye indlela.

Umthombo wokuqala

Italian Galvani ukulinga ekutadisheni "ugesi isilwane" kwazanywa yokuqala ukuthola umthombo engokwemvelo amandla ngokwemvelo. Ulenga imilenze frog ukulungele ku izingwegwe metal yensimbi lethusi, yena yabhekisela impendulo sici eziyimpumelelo emsipheni.

Nokho, iziphetho Galvani waphikisa omunye Italian - Alessandro Volta. Ethakazeliswe kungenzeka ugesi kusukela isilwane eziphilayo, ke olwenziwa uchungechunge ucwaningo ngenhlupho yamaxoxo. Kodwa siphetho kwaba okuphambene ephelele imicabango yakhe yangaphambilini.

Volts Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi eziphilayo kuphela inkomba sokukhishwa kagesi. Lapho wamanje imilenze imisipha yenkontileka, lubonise umehluko ezingaba khona. Umthombo emkhakheni kagesi waphenduka ezihluke contact metal. I aqhelelane asesikhundleni eziningi izakhi zamakhemikhali, aba maningi umphumela.

Lezi zingqimba ngezinto ezingafani wabeka iphepha akwazi ukugcina afuthwe ngesibulali ikhambi electrolyte, ngokudala isikhathi eside edingekayo umehluko ezingaba khona. Futhi ngisho noma ngabe ongaphakeme (1.1 V), kodwa kagesi angase wafunda isikhathi eside. Into esemqoka ukuthi voltage wagcinwa njalo nje.

Kwenzekani

Kungani e imithombo, ngokuthi "amaseli electrochemical", okuthiwa lomphumela?

metal electrode amabili afakwe yisivikelo, badlale abalingiswa ezahlukene. Omunye eletha electron, omunye uthola kubo. Inqubo redox ukuphendula kuholela ngokweqile electron kwelinye electrode ebizwe nesigxobo omubi, futhi iphutha yesibili, luchazwa ngokuthi omuhle umthombo esigungwini.

Esikhathini kakhulu elula kukagesi iseli namachibi ukusabela okwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa electrode, okubuyisela - ngakolunye. Amaelectrons ufike esikhumulweni electrode kusukela ingxenye sangaphandle circuit. I electrolyte kuyinto umbhidisi wamanje ngaphakathi umthombo ion. Ukumelana amandla oholwa ubude inqubo.

Copper-zinc-elementi

Umgomo we operation lamaseli electrochemical Kuyathakazelisa ukuhlola ngesibonelo zethusi-zinc kukagesi iseli isinyathelo okuyinto kuphambene amandla zinc nethusi sulfate. Lo mthombo ipuleti zethusi ibekwa isixazululo zethusi sulfate, i-electrode zinc egxilile isixazululo zinc sulfate. I izixazululo zazihlukaniswe pad ukungena nakwamanye amazwe ukugwema ukuxuba, kodwa akusho lokho ngempela inhliziyo.

Uma wesifunda ivaliwe, ungqimba ebusweni zinc is oxidized. Ngo inqubo nokuxhumana ama-athomu zinc ketshezi yaphenduka ion avele isixazululo. On the electrode, ama-electron idedelwa, okungase iqhaza wamanje kumiswa.

Ukugibela electrode ithusi, ama-electron zinengxenye ukuphendula ukunciphisa. Kusukela isixazululo ungene ungqimba ebusweni ion zethusi ukufika inqubo yokutakula basuke iguqulwe ibe ngama-athomu zethusi imali kwi ipuleti zethusi.

Fingqa okwenzekayo: inqubo ukusebenza kwe-cell kuhambisana inguqulelo electron reductant ukuba oxidant wengxenye elingaphandle iketanga. Ukusabela zenzeka ngesikhathi electrode amabili. Ngaphakathi umthombo ageleza ion zamanje.

eyinkimbinkimbi yokusetshenziswa

Ngomqondo onabile, yimiphi kungenzeka ukusabela redox ingasetshenziswa amabhethri. Kodwa izinto okwazi ezisebenza izibambiso izakhi lobuchwepheshe, kungasiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela esisabela ngayo lapho amaningi adinga izinto ezibizayo izindleko.

amabhethri Modern akheke elula. electrode amabili ezibekwe enye electrolyte ukugcwalisa isitsha - icala ibhethri. tesakhiwo letinjengembala lula isakhiwo futhi ukunciphisa intengo amabhethri.

Noma iyiphi iseli electrochemical uyakwazi ukudala zamanje ngqo.

DC ukumelana ayivumeli zonke ion kanyekanye uvule electrode, ngakho iyunithi usebenza isikhathi eside. Ukusabela Chemical ukukhiqiza ion ekugcineni isici sinqanyuliwe iyanqamuka ukushajwa.

I ukumelana sangaphakathi amandla supply kubalulekile.

A kancane ukumelana

Ukusetshenziswa kagesi, akungabazeki, ulilethele intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe ezingeni elisha, wamnika umfutho omkhulu. Kodwa amandla ukumelana ukugeleza zamanje uthola endleleni kwanda.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kagesi anezakhi eliyigugu asetshenziswe ekhaya Nobuchwepheshe, ngakolunye - kukhona baphikisana kakhulu. Physics njengoba isayensi yemvelo uzama ukulinganisela, engavumelana kwalezizimo.

kuphakama ukumelana wamanje kusuka interplay izinhlayiya kagesi nge into, okuyizinto okungezona ngempela ezihambayo. Ungafaki le nqubo ezimweni ezivamile lokushisa, akunakwenzeka.

ukumelana

I ukumelana yangaphakathi umthombo zamanje kanye ukumelana izingxenye sangaphandle circuit babe imvelo eziningana ezahlukene, kodwa ngokulinganayo kulezi izinqubo ukusebenza amagoli yokuhamba kwenkokhelo.

Umsebenzi uqobo kuncike kuphela property umthombo nokuqukethwe: izimfanelo electrode futhi electrolyte, kanye yangaphandle wesifunda amayunithi, ukumelana zazo kuncike nemingcele weJiyomethri nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali material. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumelana wire lensimbi kwandisa ne ubude balo incipha nge isandiso endaweni kwesigamu. Ekuxazululeni izinkinga, indlela yokunciphisa ukumelana Physics uncoma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke ezikhethekile.

Imisebenzi zamanje

Ngokuhambisana nomthetho we Joule e babashayeli labelwe inani ukushisa kuyinto wakhona ukumelana. Uma ngobungako ukushisa Q selisho _ext. Amandla lwamanje mina, t ukugeleza isikhathi, sithola:

• Q _ext. = Mina ^{2 ·} r · t,

ukuphi - ukumelana sangaphakathi kwamandla.

Esikhathini wesifunda wonke kuhlanganise kokubili izingxenye zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, isamba ukushisa naye egqanyisiwe, formula okuyinto:

• Q _{Imininingwane} = mina ^{2 ·} r · t + mina ^{2 ·} R · t = mina ^{2 ·} (R + R) · t,

It is njengoba ezikhonjiswe kwi-physics ukumelana eyaziwa: wesifunda yangaphandle (zonke izakhi ngaphandle umthombo) has a ukumelana R.

umthetho Ohm sika for the uchungechunge ephelele

Cabanga ukuthi iningi umsebenzi amabutho ngaphandle ukwenza umthombo zamanje. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ilingana umkhiqizo icala eyalo ensimini, futhi electromotive amandla umthombo:

• q · E = mina ² · (R + R) · t.

siqaphela ukuthi lokho kumangalelwa kwakuyiqiniso ilingana umkhiqizo amandla lamanje ngesikhathi lapho ivela khona, sinazo:

• E = I · (r + R).

Ngokuhambisana ubudlelwano imbangela nemphumela umthetho Ohm sika enikezwa:

• I = E: (r + R).

Amandla lwamanje ku avaliwe wesifunda EMF ngokuqondile wakhona umthombo wamandla kanye inhlukanozigaba kuya jikelele (inani) wesifunda ukumelana.

Kususelwa kule iphethini, kungenzeka ukunquma ukumelana kwangaphakathi futhi umthombo zamanje.

Capacitance umthombo osenyameni

I izici eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kabi imithombo futhi ingase ihlanganise osenyameni umthamo. Inani esiphezulu ugesi etholakale lapho ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kuye ngokuthi wamanje khulula.

Endabeni ekahle, lapho ziwukulinganisela ethile yenziwa, amandla osenyameni angabhekwa njalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ibhethri standard 1.5 V umehluko ezingaba sinesikhundla ukudedelwa 0.5 Ah. Uma zamanje osenyameni 100 ma, khona-ke eziqhutshwa amahora 5.

Izindlela wayeqamba amabhethri

Nokusebenza ibhethri kuholela osenyameni yabo. Yokutakula ibhethri ukushaja izakhi ezincane wenziwa nge zamanje Inani lakhe amandla angaphansi kwamagremu we esitsheni umthombo.

Izindlela ezilandelayo ishaja:

• ukusetshenziswa zamanje njalo okwesikhathi predetermined (amahora mayelana 16 0.1 umthamo webhethri lamanje);
• ukwehlisa wamanje ukushaja kunani kusengaphambili indlela ezingaba umehluko;
• Sebenzisa imisinga azilingani;
• isicelo ezilandelanayo pulses esifushane ukushaja nokudisishaja, lapho kuqala mkhulu yesibili.

umsebenti lowentiwako

umsebenzi ohlongozwayo: ukucacisa ukumelana sangaphakathi wamanje omthombo EMF.

Ukuze nokuqaliswa kwalo kufanele agodliwe by umthombo wamanje, uhlelo ammeter, voltmeter, slide rheostat, iqoqo ayisihluthulelo babashayeli.

Ukusebenzisa umthetho Ohm analo ngesimiso somshini esivalekile ziyonquma ukumelana sangaphakathi umthombo zamanje. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele wazi EMF ukubaluleka ukumelana rheostat.

Kubalwa zamanje ukumelana Ifomula engxenyeni engaphandle yochungechunge kungaba azimisele eMthethweni Ohm analo subcircuit:

• I = U: R,

lapho mina - samanje wesifunda yangaphandle, kukalwa i ammeter; U - voltage phezu Resistor zangaphandle.

Ukuze uthuthukise ukunemba nesilinganiso eyenziwe izikhathi okungenani 5. Yini na? I kulinganiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa voltage, ukumelana, wamanje (ngokunembile, lamanje) asetshenziswa emva kwalokhu.

Ukuze sithole electromotive amandla amandla umthombo, nokusebenzisa iphuzu lokuthi voltage yonkana ezikhumulweni yayo lapho umthambo evulekile cishe ilingane EMF.

Ukubeka uchungechunge amabhethri uchungechunge axhunywe, resistors, ukhiye ammeter. I terminals umthombo zamanje kokuxhuma voltmeter. Ukunqamula switch, susa ubufakazi bakhe.

I ukumelana internal ifomula lisuselwa umthetho Ohm sika lesifunda sakhona Imininingwane, ukuchaza izibalo:

• I = E: (r + R).
• r = E: Mina - U I.

Izilinganiso abonisa ukuthi ukumelana yangaphakathi zincane kunalokho elingaphandle.

Umsebenzi esisebenzayo sebhetri nebhethri has a isicelo ebanzi. ukuphepha elingenakuphikwa emvelweni motors kagesi kungabaza, kodwa ukwakha capacious ibhethri, ergonomic - inkinga physics zanamuhla. isinqumo sayo kuzoholela round esisha nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji yezimoto.

Compact, engasindi, high-umthamo amabhethri futhi kubalulekile kumadivayisi eselula electronic. supply amandla asetshenziswa kubo ihlobene ngokuqondile ukusebenza komkhiqizo.