I-Phenols yiyiphi? Izakhiwo nokubunjwa kwe-phenol

I-Phenols yizinto eziphilayo ezihlobene nama-hydrocarboni anomnandi. Zingatholakala emvelweni, kodwa ezaziwa kakhulu kumuntu yizo ezitholakala ngokuhlakanipha. Manje sebesebenzisa kabanzi embonini yamakhemikhali, ukwakhiwa, ama-plastiki ngisho nasemithi. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezinobuthi obuqinile, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali ayo kanye nokukwazi ukungena emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhumba kanye nezitho zokuphefumula, ukuphefumula kwe-phenol kuyenzeka njalo. Ngakho-ke, lesi sici sahlukaniswa njengesigaba samakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu futhi sasilawula kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Kuyini ama-phenols

Lezi yizimboni zamakhemikhali ezenzeka emvelweni futhi zikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa. Imifino yemvelo ingaba usizo - ingumuthi we-antioxidant, i-polyphenols, okwenza ezinye izilwanyana ziphulukise abantu. Futhi ama-phenol zokwenza izinto kukhona izinto ezinobuthi. Uma befika esikhumbeni, babangela ukushisa, lapho bengena emzimbeni womuntu - isifo esinamandla. Lezi zinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihlobene nama-hydrocarboni anamakha amahle, zidlulela embusweni we-gaseous kakade ekushiseni kwama-degrees angaphezu kuka-40. Kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile lokhu kuyisici esenziwe ngokucacile esikhwameni esinephunga elithile.

Incazelo ye-phenol ifundiswa esikoleni ngesikhathi semithi yamakhemikhali. Ikhuluma ngokubunjwa kwayo, isakhiwo se-molecule kanye nezinto zayo eziyingozi. Mayelana nezinto zemvelo zaleli qembu, ezidlala indima enkulu emvelweni, abaningi abazi lutho. Ungayichaza kanjani i-phenol? Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhi samakhemikhali silula: i-molecule yeqembu le-benzoic, i-hydrogen ne-oxygen.

Izinhlobo ze-phenols

Lezi zinto zikhona ezitshalweni eziningi. Banikeza umbala weziqu zabo, iphunga lezimbali noma bahlaziye izinambuzane. Kukhona futhi ama-synthetic compounds ayenobuthi. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa:

1. Amakhemikhali e-natural phenolic angama-capsaicin, eugenol, ama-flavonoids, ama-lignins nabanye.
2. I-phenol edume kakhulu futhi enobuthi i-carbolic acid.
3. Ama-butylphenol, i-chlorophenol.
4. I-Creosote, i-lysol nabanye.

Kodwa ngokujwayelekile, amagama amabili kuphela ayaziwa kubantu abavamile: i- carbolic acid ne-phenol efanele.

Izakhiwo zalezi zinhlanganisela

Lezi zikhemikhali azinawo ubuthi kuphela. Zisetshenziswa ngumuntu ngesizathu. Ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimfanelo ze-phenol ezinawo, ukwakheka kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhoni, i-hydrogen ne-oksijini kunika izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Yingakho i-phenol isetshenziswa kakhulu ngabantu. Izakhiwo zalesi sakhi yizi:

• Kuyinto imfucumfucu enekhono elinamandla, elimnandi;
• Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukusabela kwe-phenol kumphumela womoya - amakristalu aguqula umbala wawo: aqala ukuphenduka, bese athola uboya obomvu;
• I-Phenol inephuzu eliphansi kakhulu lokuqubuka;
• Ikhwalithi eyodwa ngaphezulu i-asidi;
• Kulungile lokhu kuphuza utshwala, amafutha, ama-alkali kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo nezimilayo, futhi kuphela emanzini e-phenol akwazi ukuchithwa ekushiseni okungaphezulu kuka-70 degrees;
• Iminyaka eminingi, i-compounds ye-phenol ayilahlekelwa yizindawo zayo, ngakho-ke yonke imikhiqizo esekelwe kubo isikhathi eside igcina imiphumela enobuthi kubantu.

Indima yama-phenols emvelo

Lezi zinto zitholakala ezitshalweni eziningi. Bahileleke ekudaleni umbala wabo nokuvutha. I-Capsaicin inikeza u-acuity ku-pepper ebabayo. I-Anthocyanins ne-flavonoid zibala umcibisholo wezihlahla, futhi i-ketol noma i-eugenol inikeza iphunga ezimbali. Ezinye izitshalo ziqukethe i-polyphenols, izinto ezakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa ama-molecule amaningana we-phenol. Ziwusizo empilweni yabantu. I-Polyphenols ihlanganisa i-lignins, i-flavonoids, nabanye. Lezi zinto zingamafutha omnqumo, izithelo, amantongomane, itiye, ushokolethi neminye imikhiqizo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ezinye zazo zinomphumela wokuvuselela futhi zivikela umzimba emdlalweni. Kodwa kunamakhemikhali anobuthi: ama-tanins, i-urushiol, i-carbolic acid.

Ukulimala kwama-phenols kubantu

Lesi sici nazo zonke izidakamizwa zayo zingena kalula emzimbeni ngesikhumba namaphaphu. Egazini, amafomu e-phenol ahlanganiswa nezinye izinto futhi eba yingozi kakhulu. Iphakamisa ukuhlushwa kwayo emzimbeni, ingozi ingabangela. I-Phenol iphazamisa umsebenzi wesimiso nesifo senhliziyo, isithinta isibindi nezinso. Ibulala i-erythrocytes, ibangela ukusabela kokugula nokubonakala kwezilonda.

Ngokuvamile, i-phenol poisoning ivela ngamanzi okuphuza, futhi nangomoya emoyeni lapho izakhi zawo ezakhiwa khona ekwakheni, ukukhiqizwa kwepende noma ifenisha.

Ngokuvuselela ama-compounds awo, ipheshana lokuphefumula lishisiwe, ukucasuka kwe-nasopharyngeal ngisho ne-edema ye-pulmonary yenzeke. Uma i-phenol isesikhumbeni, kutholakala ukushisa okukhulu kwamakhemikhali, emva kwalokho okulondeka ukuphulukisa izilonda. Futhi uma ngaphezulu kwengxenye yesigamu sokwehlukana komuntu kuthinteka, lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwakhe. Uma kwenzeka ukungenwa ngengozi kwemithi encane ye-phenol, isibonelo, ngamanzi angcolisiwe, isilonda esiswini sikhulayo, sihlanganisa ukukhubazeka, ukungahambi kahle, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, ukuphuma kwegazi kanye nezicubu zomdlavuza. Izindleko ezinkulu ziholela ekufeni.

Lapho ungasebenzisa khona ama-phenols

Emva kokutholakala kwalesi sici, ikhono layo lokushintsha umbala emoyeni litholakala. Le mfanelo yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamadayi. Kodwa ezinye izakhiwo zakhe zatholakala. Futhi i-substance phenol isetshenziswa ngokubanzi emisebenzini yabantu:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwamapende kanye nama-varnishes;
• Ukwelashwa kwesikhumba semfuyo embonini elula;
• Ekukhiqizeni i-nylon, i-nayiloni nezinye izindwangu zokwenziwa;
• Ukuvikela izilwane zasemapulazini ezifweni;
• Ekubunjweni kwezinambuzane ezibulala izibulala;
• Uma wenza umusi ngenxa yemikhiqizo yokubhema;
• Ekukhiqizeni amaplastiki;
• Ekubunjweni kwe-detergents nabahlanzi.

Isicelo emithi

Lapho izakhi ze-bactericidal ze-phenol zitholakala, zasetshenziswa kabanzi emithi. Ngokuyinhloko ukucwiliswa kwamagumbi, amathuluzi ngisho nezandla zabasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phenols yizingxenye eziyinhloko zemithi ethandwa kakhulu: i-aspirin, i-purgen, izidakamizwa zokwelashwa kwesifo sofuba, izifo ze-fungal kanye nezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, isibonelo, ama-xerobes.

Manje i-phenol isetshenziswa kaningi kwi-cosmetology ye-peeling ejulile yesikhumba. Isebenzisa indawo yayo ukushisa ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-epidermis.

Ukusebenzisa i-phenol ye-disinfection

Kukhona nokulungiswa okukhethekile ngendlela yamafutha kanye nesixazululo sokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle. It isetshenziselwa ukubhubhisa i-disinfecting izinto nezinto eziphezulu egumbini, amathuluzi kanye nelineni. Ngaphansi kokwengamela udokotela, i-phenol isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa izidakamizwa zesisu, i-pyoderma, i-impetigo, i-folliculitis, amanxeba ahlanzekile nezinye izifo zesikhumba. Isixazululo ngokuhambisana nesobho eliluhlaza sisetshenziselwa ukungcola izakhiwo, ukugqoka izingubo. Uma uxubha nge-parafini noma i-turpentine, ithola izindawo zokuhlanza amagciwane.

Awukwazi ukusingatha izindawo ze-phenol eziningi zesikhumba, kanye nezindawo ezenzelwe ukupheka nokugcina ukudla.

Ungabhubhisa kanjani nge-phenol

Isilinganiso se-Lethal somuntu omdala singabuka ku-1 g, nangomntwana - u-0.05 g. Ukushisa nge-phenol kungenzeka ngezizathu ezilandelayo:

• Uma kungekho ukugcinwa kwemithethonqubo yokuphepha emsebenzini ngezinto ezinobuthi;
• Uma kwenzeka ingozi;
• Lapho umthamo wemithi ungahambisani nawo;
• Uma usebenzisa imikhiqizo yepulasitiki nge-phenol, isibonelo, amathoyizi noma izitsha;
• Ukugcina okungalungile kwezimpahla zamakhemikhali zasendlini.

Uma kwenzeka ubuthi obunzima, izimpawu zibonakala ngokushesha futhi umuntu angasiza umuntu. Kodwa ingozi ye phenol yukuthi uma amanani amancane atholakele, lokhu kunganakwa. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu ehlala egumbini lapho kutholakala khona izinto zokuqeda, amapende noma ifenisha ephuma ku-phenol, isifo sofuba esingapheli senziwa.

Izimpawu zobuthi obuthi

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela inkinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuqala ukwelashwa ngesikhathi futhi kuvimbele umphumela obulalayo. Izimpawu ezisemqoka zifana nanoma yisiphi esinye isifo sofuba: isicashu, ukuhlanza, ukulala, isizungu. Kodwa kunezibonakaliso zezici, lapho ungathola khona ukuthi umuntu uzinikele ubuthi nge-phenol:

• Okumnandi okuvela emlonyeni;
• Ukuphelelwa amandla;
• Ukudonsa okubukhali ekushiseni komzimba;
• Abafundi abahlukunyeziwe;
• I-Pallor;
• Ukuphefumula;
• Isikhumba esinamafutha;
• Nciphisa ukushaya kwegazi nokucindezela kwegazi;
• Ubuhlungu besisu;
• Ukudonsa igazi;
• Amabala amhlophe ezindebe.

Udinga futhi ukwazi izibonakaliso zesifo sofuba esingapheli. Uma amanani amancane atholakele, azikho izimpawu eziqinile zalokhu emzimbeni. Kodwa i-phenol igcizelela isimo sempilo. Izimpawu ze-poisoning ezingapheli ziyi:

• I-migraine evamile, ikhanda;
• I-nausea;
• I-Dermatitis nokuphendula okwehla;
• Ukuqwashisa;
• Ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu;
• Ukukhathala okukhulu;
• Ukuthukuthela.

Usizo lokuqala nokuphathwa koketshezi

Umuntu omelekile kumele anikezwe usizo lokuqala futhi adluliselwe kudokotela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinyathelo okumele zithathwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxhumana ne-phenol zithembele kwisayithi lokungena kwayo emzimbeni:

1. Uma lo muthi ufika esikhumbeni, geza ngamanzi amaningi, ungaphathi ukushisa ngamafutha noma amafutha.
2. Uma i-phenol isesithombeni se-mucous yomlomo - hlambulula, ungagcini.
3. Uma ungena esiswini ukuphuza i-sorbent, isibonelo, amalahle, "i-Polysorb", akunconywa ukuba ugeze isisu ukuze ugweme ukushiswa kwe-mucosa.

Esikhungweni sezokwelapha, ukuphathwa koketshezi kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kude. Ukuphumula kwemaphaphu, ukwelashwa kwe-disinfestation, i-antidote - i-calcium gluconate, ama-sorbents, ama-antibiotic, izidakamizwa zenhliziyo,

Imithetho yokuphepha yokusetshenziswa kwama-phenols

Amazinga ahlanzekile kanye ne-epidemiological kuwo wonke amazwe asungula izinga elivumelekile lokuhlushwa kwe-phenol emoyeni wangaphakathi. Umthamo ophephile u-0.6 mg nge-1 kg wesisindo somzimba womuntu. Kodwa lezi zindinganiso azicabangi ukuthi ngokudla okuvamile ngisho nokuhlushwa kwe-phenol emzimbeni, kancane kancane kuqoqa futhi kungakwazi ukulimaza kakhulu impilo. Lezi zinto zingakhululwa emoyeni ezivela emikhiqizo yepulasitiki, amapende, ifenisha, ukwakha nokupaka impahla, izimonyo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukubunjwa kwemikhiqizo ethengwe futhi, uma kukhona iphunga elimnandi elimnandi kunento ethile, kungcono ukuliqeda. Uma usebenzisa i-phenol ye-disinfection, kuyadingeka ukuba uqaphele kahle umthamo nemithetho yokugcina izixazululo.