I-Novo-Nikolsky Cathedral (i-Mozhaisk): incazelo, umlando, ama-relics nama-shrines

Amasonto angama-Orthodox eRussia abamele inani elikhethekile lemasiko. Ngaphansi kobuciko obuhle, imvelo ehlanzekile nengokomoya, izindaba ezigcwele izimfihlakalo, izingxabano kanye nomzabalazo wegazi wokholo ngokuvamile ufihlekile. Ukuqinisekiswa okuphawulekayo kwalokhu kuyiSt. Nicholas Cathedral (Mozhaisk). Naphezu kokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo nemibhikisho yomlando, wema iminyaka eminyaka futhi engcwelisa izwe laseRussia. Iyini umlando wayo? Futhi yiziphi izimfihlakalo nezindlebe ezenza ithempeli lihlale ezindongeni zalo?

Indawo

Idolobha lapho iSt. Nicholas Cathedral itholakala khona yiMozhaisk. Ihlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesifunda saseMoscow futhi ingenye yemizi yasendulo yaseRussia. Ukukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kulezi zincwadi kubhekisela emakhulwini ayi-13-14. Esikhathini sokucwaningwa kwemfuyo, kutholakala ukuthi ukutholwa kwe-3rd millennium BC kwatholakala. E. Izindawo zokuhlala nezinqaba zazisekelwe entabeni (manje eyiNtaba yaseCathhedral) ezindaweni eziphansi eMfuleni iMohaika. Kamuva kancane uMozraisk Kremlin wakhiwa lapha. Ekuqaleni kwakuyizinkuni. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 kwakukhona umlilo. Isizathu salo ngokwemininingwane ethile kungase kube ukuphanga nokuhlukumezeka phakathi nenkathi yokuguqula i-lip. Ngemva kwalokho, kusukela enqabeni kwakukhona izigubhu zobumba kanye nombhoshongo wamatje. Kamuva, ngemiyalo ka-Ivan the Terrible, i-Mozhaisk Kremlin yakhiwa kabusha.

Umlando wethempeli

Ngokusho kwedatha yama-annalistic, iSt. Nicholas Cathedral yasungulwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nendawo enqaba, ngekhulu le-12, futhi yayisendaweni ye-Nikolsky Gates. Ngokwemithi ekuqaleni, ayizange iphile ngemva komlilo, ngakho-ke ngekhulu le-15 kwakhiwa isonto elimhlophe. Ngalesi sikhathi wathatha igama likaSt. Nicholas's Cathedral's Wonderworker. Phakathi nokuhlasela kwePolish-Lithuania ithempeli laphangwa, kodwa isakhiwo sasinda. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 i-cathedral yavuselelwa kabusha. Isango (elingenhla) isonto namaGates aseNikolsky akha iNew Cathedral yaseSt. Nicholas, futhi ngaphansi kwayo, ngokufanele, i-Old St. Nicholas Cathedral itholakala. Okwesibili ngemva kokwakhiwa kabusha nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwaziwa ngokuthi uPeter noPaul Church.

Incazelo

Ngaphandle kwebandla laseNovo-Nikolsky liyingxenye efana neyendabuko yesonto lama-Orthodox. Yenziwe ngesitayela se-Gothic, esathola igama le-Gothic yaseRashiya. Lokhu kungacatshangwa kalula ngamafomu okumangalisayo okuyizakhiwo kanye nenkanyezi kaDavid on the pediment. Ngaphakathi kwethempeli lihlotshiswe ngamakholomu amabili aqoshiwe kanye nezithombe zamapulangwe (!). Ubuqili besitayela ngokuphathelene nesintu (i-orthodox) buqiniswa ngokuphambene kakhulu ne-Old-Nicholas Cathedral (manje eyiPeter noPaul Church).

Ithempeli laseNovo-Nikolsky lime esangweni lika Nikolsky entabeni futhi libonakala ngokucacile emnyango womuzi. Idatha yokugcina imininingwane kanye nemidwebo yokwakha ayilondoloziwe. Kodwa-ke, imithombo ethile ithi umlobi weprojekthi yesikhishobhi wayengumakhi waseRashiya nomculi u-Alexei Bakarev.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ukwakha ithempeli kwaqala ngo-1779, futhi kwaphela kuphela ngo-1814. Kwafika nokuphazamiseka nokuguqulwa ngezikhathi kwamakhasimende nabaphathi, ngezingezo nokuvuselelwa. Ezindongeni zayo kukhona uphawu olungavamile. Nguye owanikeza izimboni ithuba lokushombisa mayelana ne-"Masonic" version yokwakhiwa. Lokhu kuboniswa nethonya leMason elikhona eRussia ngaleyo minyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izazi zihlobanisa usuku lokuqedela ukugubha iminyaka engu-500 yokufa kweNkosi yokugcina ye-Knights Templar - uJacques de Molay. Ngo-1314 washiswa etsheni.

Ithempeli lihlanganisa nodonga lwamamitha angu-11 weMozhaisk Kremlin, okuyinto izibhamu zasePoland azizange zibhubhise ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi njengoba isisekelo sasetshenziswa ubuciko bempi yasendulo, equkethe inqaba ekhethekile nokuthembeka.

Ukuvalwa kweKathhedral

Kusukela ngo-1933 kuya ku-1994-isikhathi esingaqondakali futhi esingacacile empilweni yenkolo yedolobha. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, iSt. Nicholas Cathedral yavalwa. I-Mozhaysk ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu yePatriotic yahlupheka kakhulu. Futhi nakuba ithempeli lalibuyiselwe (ngaphandle kwe-rotunda ye-dome), kuma-60s i-factory yase knitting yayikhona lapha. Futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva i-cathedral nezinye izakhiwo eziningana zadluliselwa eMamorino Military History Museum. Kuphela ngo-1994 isonto laqala ukukhuleka futhi.

Hlanganisa

Ngo-2013, i-landslide eqinile yenzeka eMohaisk. Umhlabathi ovela egqumeni wawa, lapho kutholakala khona iChristral Novo-Nikolsky. Kuyamangaza, kodwa kuyiqiniso. Kusukela ekulimazeni okungathí sina, isakhiwo sagcinwa ukuthi i-landslide yayimile ngamamitha angu-17 ukusuka ethempelini. Ngokweminye imithombo, umonakalo omncane wawusalokhu udalwa odongeni lwaso olusentshonalanga. Kukhona ukubunjwa kwe-stucco kanye nezitini ezaqedwa. Izakhamuzi zedolobhana zazihlale ziyazi ngengozi yemvelo kanye nokukhungatheka kwethempeli, kepha zaqhubeka zisezinkonzweni zikaNkulunkulu. Futhi ngokushesha babhalela i-Ministry of Culture of Russia incwadi echaza isimo esingazinzile sesonto lobu-Orthodox eMohaisk futhi licela ukuba liqiniswe. Ngo-2014, wonke umsebenzi wokubuyisela wagcwaliswa.

Ukunyamalala okungavamile

Kuyaziwa ukuthi iSt. Nicholas Cathedral ngaphambi kwenkathi yokuguquguquka yalondoloza izinhlamvu zabangcwele (uSergius waseRadonezh, iNkosana Vladimir, uLerrenty-sharpener, abafel 'ukholo abangcwele uMakarii noVarvara, uSt. Michael waseStadsky noNicon Sukhoi). Kodwa-ke, ngo-1919 bavele bengafihliwe ngokuphelele.

Enye ukunyamalala okungaqondakali kwenzeka entwasahlobo ka-1922. Lesi sikhathi, ukulahleka kwakubaluleke kakhulu, kokubili ngokomoya nangokwenyama. Imibukiso emibili ngesithombe seVirginia, izinkanyezi ezimbili, isiqu esinezithombe zabangcwele, iziphambano zegolide kanye nesibonakaliso sikaPetru I ngathathwa. Zonke izifundo zazihlotshiswe ngamadayimane namatshe ayigugu. Futhi, i-miter nengubo yanyamalala emfanekisweni kaNicholas waseMozhaisk. Ubani owasuswa endaweni engcwele, akaziwa. Banyamalala ngaphandle kokulandelela.

Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokufakaza okuningi, ngo-1925 isazi-mlando saseNa Vlasyev sakwa-1925, esimele esifundeni saseMozhaisk, ezincwadini zakhe ezichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngomgexo kaNikolai Mozhaisky inothi eligcinwe e-Kremlin Armory.

Icon

Isithonjana sikaNikolai Mozhaisky, umgcini wezinsizakalo zabakhileyo, wayehlale enenani elikhethekile kuMozysysk. Ukukhulunywa kwakhe kokuqala kutholakala esiqhingini esithi "Sadko", "Mikhailo Potyk". Kukhona nesiko lasendulo. Ngokusho kwakhe, idolobha liye lavinjelwa izitha. Ebona ingozi, izakhamuzi zaseMozhaisk zaqala ukuthandaza kuNicholas uMmangalisa. Ngokushesha isithunzi esihle somsanta savela phezu kwenqaba. Inkemba ekhazimulayo kanye nokubheka okwesabekayo kwakwethusa izitha. Yileyo ndlela uSt. Nicholas eyayiqala ngayo umuzi waseMohay. Ngemva kwalokho, kwakhiwe isithombe esenziwe ngokhuni. Lesi sithombe sibonisa umsanta onenkemba esandleni sakhe sokunene kanye nenqaba yaseMozhaisk ngakwesobunxele.

Lesi sithombe sasihlotshiswe nge-chasuble yesiliva esenziwe ngesiliva nesigqoko esinamaparele amakhulu, isiphambano segolide namatshe ayigugu. Isiphambano esifuba nomqhele sasenziwe ngegolide elibomvu, futhi inkemba yamapulangwe kanye nenqaba yaseMohaj bayaphoswe.

Isithombe sikaSt. Nicholas safakwa eSt. Nicholas Cathedral. Phakathi nempi ka-1812 ithempeli (lingakapheli) lahlupheka kakhulu, kodwa isakhiwo kanye nezinye izinto eziyigugu zesonto zazisinda, ngoba zazifihliwe ezingaphansi kwezindlu. Namuhla lo mlando ugcinwa eMoscow, kwi-Gallery ye-Tretyakov. Futhi eSt. Nicholas Cathedral kukhona isithonjana seHholo lokuQala.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

• Isithombe esimangalisayo sikaSt. Nicholas, efakwe emasangweni aseNikolsky, savikela iMohaisk ezitheni. Kungenzeka noma ukuhlinzekwa nguNkulunkulu, kodwa lapho isithonjana sithathwe edolobheni, ngokushesha wathathwa yisitha. Lona umlando womuzi, kodwa izinsuku eziqondile nezenzakalo aziboniswa.
• Kuyaziwa ukuthi eRussia kunamasonto angaphezu kwayishumi nambili e-Nikolsky. Enye yezinkulu kunazo zonke e-St. Petersburg, e-Orenburg - enye yezovakashelwa kakhulu. Futhi iSt. Nicholas Cathedral (Mozhaisk) mhlawumbe endala kunazo zonke phakathi "kwabafowabo" futhi engavamile ngendlela yokwakha.
• Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwenzeka into emangalisayo ngesikhathi seMoshak. Ngaphansi kweNicholas Cathedral ngobusuku obuningana elandelanayo, kubonakala ukukhanya okukhulu. Abantu basekhaya baqala ukuthatha lokhu ngomlilo, futhi sebekuqonda, babheka ukuthi kuyisimangaliso nesibusiso eNkosini.

Namuhla

Njengamanje isifunda saseMozhaisky sidume ngokukhangayo okungaphezu kokuyishumi nambili. Phakathi kwazo, amasonto e-Orthodox ayabaluleke kakhulu. Indawo yokuqala kulolu hlu ihlala eSt. Nicholas Cathedral. UMozysysk ugcina umlando wakhe ocebile futhi ongaqondakali. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baphikisana ngokuthi ngabe yiqiniso yini inani lamaRussia lamasiko noma elinye uphawu lweMasonic. Kodwa kubafundisi bamasonto angenandaba. Kusukela lonke elaseRussia, amakholwa afika lapha ukukhonza izithombe ezingcwele nemifanekiso futhi ahlakulele umoya ohlanzekile nengokomoya. ISt. Nicholas Cathedral iyisikhumbuzo sangempela sezomlando, esinezinye izikhumbuzo ze-Orthodox, kanye namanye amathempeli asezindaweni zasendulo, ngaleyo ndlela sikhuthaza futhi sihlanganise abantu baseRussia.