Acid Carboxylic izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Zikasawoti of acid carboxylic

Cishe zonke izindlu zama babe uviniga. Futhi abantu abaningi bazi ukuthi ukuthi esekelwe acetic acid. Kodwa-ke kuvela iphuzu amakhemikhali umbono? Yini enye organic compounds kulolu chungechunge zikhona futhi yiziphi izici zawo? Zama ukuqonda ngale ndaba futhi bahlolisise abekelwe emaceleni monobasic carboxylic acid. Ikakhulukazi ekhaya isetshenziswa acetic hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ahlobene eziningana kwamanye, futhi kuphela yalezi acid ngokuvamile izivakashi njalo kuzo zonke ekhaya.

Ikilasi of acid carboxylic: umbono jikelele

Ngokombono isayensi-chemistry, i-lesi sigaba compounds zihlanganisa zomoya-mpilo ukuthi babe kweqembu elithile kwama-atom - a carboxyl iqembu sokusebenza. It has -COOH fomu. Ngakho, ifomula jikelele okuyinto unawo wonke umkhawulo monobasic carboxylic acid, imi kanje: R-COOH, lapho R - kuyinto kuyizinhlayiyana olukhulu, okuyinto kungafaka noma yimaphi ama-athomu carbon.

Ngokusho lokhu, incazelo yaleli ekilasini compounds inganikelwa ukuthi. Carboxylic acid - is nomoya-mpilo amangqamuzana angokwemvelo okuyinto eyodwa noma obusebenzayo ngaphezulu amaqembu -COOH - amaqembu carboxyl.

Iqiniso lokuthi la izinto eqinisweni ukuze acid, kuchaza ukuhamba kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen ku carboxyl. I kwabantu electron is Ukuboshelwa zisakazwe, kusukela e-oxygen - iqembu electronegative kakhulu. Kule ubuhlobo O-H kakhulu lihlukaniswe ne-hydrogen iba ngisengozini ngempela. It kungenziwa kalula ukuzehlukanisa, engena ezindlini ngezindlu zamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke izinkomba acid okuhambisanayo ukunikeza ukusabela okufanayo:

• phenolphthalein - kungekho nto enemibala emihle,
• litmus - abomvu;
• jikelele - abomvu;
• i-Methyl - abomvu kanye nabanye.

Ngenxa athomu ye-hydrogen, carboxylic acid umbukiso oxidizing izakhiwo. Nokho, kwabanye ama-athomu ivumela ukuba alulame futhi iqhaza okunye ukuxhumana eziningi.

ngezigaba

Kukhona izici eziningana eziyinhloko, okuyinto zihlukaniswe amaqembu carboxylic acid. Eyokuqala wabo - kuyinto ubunjalo olukhulu. Ngokusho lokhu isici zihlukaniswa:

• Alicyclic acid. Isibonelo: quinic.
• Elimnandi. Isibonelo: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Isibonelo: acetic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, nabanye.
• Heterocyclic. Isibonelo: i-nicotine.

Uma sikhuluma izixhumanisi molecule la maqembu amabili acid bungabonakala:

• imikhawulo - bonke ubuhlobo kuphela, elilodwa;
• unsaturated - ebukhoneni double, eyodwa noma amaningi.

Kuba yisikhathi futhi lapho uphawu ngezigaba ongakhonza amaqembu njengoba zisebenza kahle. Ngakho, kukhona izigaba ezilandelayo.

1. Monobasic - iqembu -COOH eyodwa nje kuphela. Isibonelo: formic, stearic, icwecwe, valeric, nabanye.
2. Dibasic - ngokulandelana, la maqembu amabili COOH. Isibonelo: oxalic acid, malonic acid, nabanye.
3. Multibasic - citric, acidosis, nabanye.

Kamuva kulesi sihloko sizosebenzisa kuphela nomkhawulo monobasic acid carboxylic, aliphatic.

Umlando yokutholakala

Winery sakhula ne ezikhathini zasendulo. Njengoba ayaziwa omunye imikhiqizo yayo - acetic acid. Ngakho-ke umlando udumo alesi sigaba compounds elisuka kusukela esikhathini URobert Boyle futhi Ioganna Glaubera. Nokho, kwakunzima ukuthola isikhathi eside nobunjalo chemical la mangqamuzana.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside wabusa vitalists ukubukwa, ophike kungenzeka ukwakheka organic ngaphandle izidalwa eziphilayo. Kodwa ngo-1670 AD Ray sakwazi ukuqeda omele sokuqala ngqa - methane noma formic acid. Wakwenza lokhu ngokubeka amalahle umfuma e izintuthwane eziphilayo.

Kamuva umsebenzi lososayensi Kolbe Berzelius wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka Kuhlanganisa lezi zakhi kusuka izinto wezinto ezingaphili (ziphuzo zazihluzwa namalahle). Ngenxa yalokho acetic acid etholwe. Kanjalo carboxylic acid eziye zahlolisiswa (Izakhiwo, isakhiwo) nokuqala nokuvulwa kwamanye amalungu uchungechunge compounds aliphatic.

izakhiwo

Namuhla, ucwaningo eningilizayo yazo zonke lezi nabameli babo. Ngayinye yalezi zici ingatholakala yonke nemingcele, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa e umkhakha nokuba ngokwemvelo. Sizohlola kuyini acid carboxylic, izakhiwo ngokomzimba nezinye nemingcele.

Ngakho, kukhona imingcele eziningana eziyisisekelo isici.

1. Uma kuma-athomu e-carbon esikuziphathimandla ingeqi ezinhlanu, ke evele ukunuka, uketshezi nezinqe oluyingozi. Ngenhla emihlanu - esindayo, izinto oily, nokuningi - kanzima, waxy.
2. I kwabantu of amalungu ezimbili zokuqala mkhulu kwelilodwa. Zonke ezinye alula kakhulu kunomoya amanzi.
3. abilayo: ayanda iketanga, ayanda score. Isakhiwo branched okuningi, ngakho ngezansi.
4. Ukuqeda iphuzu: incike ukubekwa kuma-athomu e-carbon lapha. Y lingaphezulu ngisho uyinqaba ngezansi.
5. Ngo amanzi, ancibilikisa izinhlayiyana kahle.
6. Ingabe uyakwazi ukwakha oqinile hydrogen izibopho.

Lezi zici zichazwe by isakhiwo wesimethri, futhi kungakho isakhiwo eheleni: amandla ayo. I elula kakhudlwana futhi ehlelekile molecule izinkomba ngenhla ukuthi ukunikeza carboxylic acid. Izakhiwo zanoma lezi zakhi uvumele ukuchaza emkhakheni futhi izindlela zabo zokubumba ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini.

chemical izakhiwo

Njengoba siye esiqokiwe ngenhla, idatha acid ingase ibonise izindawo ezahlukene. Indlela abasabela ngayo ibalulekile zamagama yezimboni compounds eziningi. Isho ezibaluleke kakhulu amakhemikhali izakhiwo okungaba monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Imibukiso izakhiwo esidi, isb baxhumana oxides eziyisisekelo futhi hydroxides yabo. Nge izinsimbi elula bathi bangezwa lokho bahlabelela inqubo ejwayelekile (ngamanye amazwi, leyo ukuze hydrogen ochungechungeni electrochemical kuphela).
3. Nge acid okukhulu okungaphezu (wezinto) liziphatha njengendlela base.
4. Onekhono sehliselwe utshwala eyinhloko.
5. ukuphendula Special - esterification. Lokhu nokuxhumana alcohols ukwakha umkhiqizo eziyinkimbinkimbi - ester.
6. decarboxylation ukuphendula, ie nokuqedwa kwe-molecule kwakwakhe-carbon dioxide.
7. Okwazi ukusabela nge halides izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi phosphorus nesibabule.

Ngokusobala, njengoba enezici carboxylic acid. Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali, zahlukahlukene ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kusho ukuthi ngokuvamile amandla njengoba acid, zonke amangqamuzana angokwemvelo kukhona kunalokho ebuthakathaka kuqhathaniswa kunemifuziselo yako wezinto ezingaphili. dissociation yabo constants musa idlule ukubaluleka 4.8.

Izindlela ukulungiswa

Kunezindlela eziningana eziyisisekelo bangathola abekelwe emaceleni carboxylic acid.

1. elabhorethri ke kwenziwa namachibi:

• alcohols;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• LAB;
• ukubhujiswa alkenes.

2. hydrolysis:

• esters;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - ukuqedwa CO _2-molecule.

4. zamagama zezimboni Kwenziwa namachibi of hydrocarbon nge ngaphezulu ama-athomu carbon lapha. Inqubo wenziwa izigaba eziningana eziveza sebuningini byproducts.

5. Abanye acid ethize (formic, acetic, icwecwe, valeric, njll) okulungiselelwe izindlela eziqondile usebenzisa izithako zemvelo.

Basic kwakwakhe umkhawulo acid carboxylic: nosawoti

Zikasawoti of acid carboxylic - compounds ezibalulekile obusetshenziswa embonini. Bona umphumela nokuxhumana of the yokugcina nge:

• izinsimbi;
• oxides eziyisisekelo;
• oxides amphoteric ;
• alkalis;
• hydroxides amphoteric.

Ikakhulukazi ezibalulekile phakathi kwazo yilezo lapho akhiwa phakathi alikhali izinsimbi sodium ne-potassium ne-ayanda umkhawulo acid - palmitic, stearic. Ngemva yonke imikhiqizo yalesi ukuxhumana - insipho, liquid okuqinile.

insipho

Ngakho, endabeni ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

okuholela umkhiqizo - sodium stearate - kuba ngokwemvelo insipho evamile esetshenziselwa ukuwasha izingubo.

Uma palmitic acid salandelwa, kanye metal potassium ku uzoguqula potassium palmitate - insipho yokuwasha izandla. Ngakho-ke, singase ngokuqiniseka ukuthi nosawoti of acid carboxylic - lena ngempela compounds ebalulekile ngokwemvelo organic. Bona yokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cwe ngobuningi. Uma ngeso lengqondo indlela insipho eningi ichitha lawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi izinto ngeke futhi lezi izikali.

Esters of acid carboxylic

Iqembu elikhethekile compounds, okuyinto sinendawo yaso ku kophawu of organic compounds. Lesi sigaba of esters. Basuke ezakhiwe ukusabela acid carboxylic nge alcohols. Isihloko ekuhlanganyeleni ezinjalo - ukusabela esterification. umbono jikelele kungenziwa emelelwa ezothando:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Umkhiqizo ngezinombolo ezizivelelayo ezimbili kuyinto ester. Ngokusobala, ngenxa yokusabela a carboxylic acid, utshwala, ester namanzi iye yashintshwa abalulekile. Ngakho, i-hydrogen ihamba kusukela amangqamuzana acid ngesimo seka futhi ihlangana neqembu hydroxy kusukela utshwala kokuba ukuzehlukanisa. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa i-molecule ye amanzi. Ukubuthelela ekuqhubekeni olukhulu acid uyangenelela kusukela utshwala obumba engqamuzaneni ester.

Yini okubaluleke kangaka zindlela zokusabela nalokho ukubaluleka commercial imikhiqizo yabo? Into wukuthi esters ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo:

• lwezakhamzimba;
• flavour;
• ingxenye esiyinhlanganisela amakha;
• imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani;
• varnishes ingxenye, upende, epulasitikini;
• imithi nokunye.

Kuyacaca ukuthi emkhakheni yokusetshenziswa are banzi ngokwanele ukuba bathethelele ukukhiqizwa embonini.

Ethanoic acid (acetic)

Lo mkhawulo monocarboxylic aliphatic acid, okuyinto ingenye ethandwa kakhulu ngokuya ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke. ifomula Ezazimzungezile - CH ₃ COOH. nokudlanga okunjalo ukweleta impahla yayo. Phela, ensimini yokusetshenziswa ubanzi kakhulu.

1. Kuyinto ukudla okufakiwe ngaphansi E-260 ikhodi.
2. Isetshenziselwa embonini yezokudla ukuze angonakali.
3. It is lisetshenziswe umuthi synthesis ukuthaka imithi.
4. Uphiko ekulungiseleleni compounds odoriferous.
5. Kuphela.
6. Obambe iqhaza kwi-inqubo sokuphrinta, ukudaya izindwangu.
7. Izakhi ezidingekayo ku chemical syntheses ukusabela sebuningini izinto.

Encwadini yokuphila solution yayo ngamaphesenti angu-80 ebizwa ngokuthi i-essence acetic, futhi uma alulaze ke-15%, uthola nje uviniga. Net 100% glacial acetic acid libizwa.

formic acid

Omele lokuqala futhi elula alesi sigaba. Formula - HCOOH. Futhi ukudla okufakiwe ngaphansi E-236 ikhodi. imithombo yawo engokwemvelo:

• nezintuthwane nezinyosi;
• izimbabazane;
• izinaliti;
• izithelo.

Izindawo ezisemqoka yokusetshenziswa:

• ukuze kulondolozwe kanye nokulungisa ukudla kwezilwane;
• Isetshenziselwa ukulawula ezidala;
• olungele ukudaya izindwangu izingxenye etchant;
• njengoba kuphela;
• bleach;
• kwezokwelapha - I-magciwane zomculo kanye nempahla;
• ukukhiqiza i-carbon monoxide egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Futhi ekuhlinzeni lokhu isixazululo acid isetshenziswa njengoba antiseptics.