I-Ketas, abantu baseSiberia: umlando nemvelaphi

Iningi lamaRussia kubonakala sengathi imvelo ukuthi iSiberia iyincenye yezwe lethu. Nokho, emakhulwini amane eminyaka edlule, amaRussia ayengabazizwe kule ndawo, kanye nabantu baseMelika baseSiberia (chum, Nenets, Evenks, njll) abahlala ngokudoba nokuzingela. Ngeshwa, abaningi babo basesimweni sokuqothulwa futhi sebelahlekelwe isikhathi eside ngamasiko abo, ulimi kanye nomlando. Abantu bamaKets baphakathi kwamaqembu omdabu omncane kakhulu futhi angafundanga eSiberia. Ngakho-ke, lesi sihloko sizinikezele kulaba bantu, sichitha impilo yakhe nemvelaphi yakhe.

Ket: bangobani?

I-Ketas - abantu ababehlala ensimini yeSiberia yanamuhla esikhathini sokuqala seminyaka yenkulungwane yethu. Ngokusho kososayensi, babonakala bevela emhlanganisweni wezinhlanga zeCaucasoid neMongoloid. Izazi ze-anthropologists isikhathi eside zithiwa yizo zohlobo lwe-Urals, kodwa maduzane zithinteka kumbono wokuthi i-chum ingabhekwa njengehlobo elizimele le-Yenisei.

Igama elithi "chum" lavela kanjani?

Abantu baseNyakatho ye- chum salmon babengalithathi leli gama njalo. Ekuqaleni, amaRashiya abiza lesi sizwe i-Ostyaks futhi athi kuphela izindawo zabo zokuhlala, ukuze bangazidibanisi izizwe phakathi kwabo. Njengoba eziningi zeKets zihlelwe ngokwemvelo ogwini lwe-Yenisei, zabizwa nge-Yenisei Ostyaks. Nokho, emva kwesikhathi, leli gama laqala ukudidisa ososayensi, ngoba i-Ostyaks empeleni yayinezizwe ezintathu ezihlukene. Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ekhulwini lokugcina, igama elithi "chum" lahlanganiswa, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umuntu" noma "abantu." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iningi laba bantu abasenyakatho baqala ukuzibiza ngokuthi amaketas, futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angamashumi amabili (phakathi kwabo ikakhulukazi abantu abadala) baqhubeka basebenzisa igama elisesidlangalaleni ukuze lihlelwe phansi.

I-Ketas (abantu): umsuka nomlando

Ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi okokuqala i-chum yayihlala ensimini yeSiberia yeSouth. Bahlala ngamaqembu amancane futhi baxoxisana nabaningi bomakhelwane babo: i-arins, i-asanas njalonjalo. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu yokuqala, baqala ukufuduka baze bafinyelele ogwini lwe-Yenisei, lapho bahlala khona, bahlala kuzo zonke izikhungo.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini leshumi le-13 i-chum salmon yakha ngokugcwele i-Yenisei, umkhondo wabo wathola cishe yonke indawo. Yilokho okuye kwachazela ososayensi ukuba khona kwezilimi ezihlukahlukene zolimi lweKet, okwavela ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwezizwe ezithile kwabanye.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhiqizo weKet wakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya labantu abaningi baseSiberia. Wakwazi ukuthatha amasiko ka-Enets, Khanty no-Selkup. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke zaguqulwa zibe ngamasiko we-Ket wokuqala.

Ngesikhathi abantu baseRussia befika eSiberia, abantu baseRussia baqhubeka behlala emlandweni wezinhlanga. Kodwa nokho, bonke abakwa-chumens babenombono we-metallurgy futhi benza izinto ezilula kunsimbi. Ngeshwa, amaphayona ama-expanses aseSiberia ayengenasithakazelo kakhulu ku-chum salmon. Abantu, isithombe sabameleli babo manje abakunzima ukuthola, baqala ukushabalala ngokushesha ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabahlali baseRussia futhi manje banesimo esincane.

Abantu bahlalaphi?

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, i-chum - abantu abahlala ezindaweni eziphansi nasezindaweni ezingenhla ze-Yenisei. Kwakukhona uboya olwanele nenhlanzi, eyayisetshenziselwa ukudla. Okwamanje wonke ama-chum salmon ahlala ensimini yeTrastioyarsk Territory. Isifunda saseTurukhansk sinabantu abaningi kakhulu, amaqembu amancane atholakala eduze ne -Yenisei :

• Kureyki.
• I-Pakulikha.
• Surgutihi.

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-chum ahlala emacimbini. Abantu bahlukaniswa ngokusondelana nokuzihlukanisa, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba amaphayona aseRussia afike eSiberia, abameleli bezizwe babehlala emindenini, izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ezivela emakhaya amakhulu abantu babo. Okwamanje, ingxenye encane yamaKets ihlala emadolobheni aseRussia esifundeni saseTurukhansk. Ngokuvamile, i-chumens igwema amadolobha amakhulu, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi amaqembu amaningana ahlala eKrasnoyarsk.

Ket (abantu): inombolo

Ngeshwa, ososayensi abanalo idatha enokwethenjelwa kulokho inani lamaKets laliyikhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, manje kunzima ukulandelela izintuthuko zokuthuthukiswa kwazo. Ukubalwa kwabantu, okwenzeka kanye kanye eminyakeni eminingana, kuvumela umuntu ukuba athole iziphetho mayelana nokuthi izimo zokuphila zanamuhla zithinta kangakanani ukulondolozwa kobukhulu beqembu lobuhlanga.

Ngokusho kwedatha ka-2010, i-chum - abantu abanani labo abangadluli abantu abangu-1200. Nakuba ngo-2002, ukubalwa kwabantu kubonise abantu abangu-300 abazinikela kulobu buzwe, ngaphezulu. Ososayensi bathi leli qiniso lokuthi amaKets amaningi asuka emasikweni okhokho bawo, kancane kancane azilahlekelwa ngokwabo. Ngisho nolimi lwabantu baseSiberia selufile kakade.

Ulimi lwe-Ket

Okwamanje ulimi lwesiKet luyisigcina somndeni wolimi lwesiJenen ocebile. I-Ketas - izithuthi zayo kuphela, ezinye izilimi ezikhuluma izilimi ezifanayo, ekugcineni zalahlekelwa ulimi lwazo lwazo emuva eminyakeni eyi-18-19.

Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, ososayensi bathi amaphesenti angu-30 kuphela amaKets angakwazi ukukhuluma ulimi lwabo, kanti abanye abantu (iningi labantu abasha) bakhetha ukuxhumana ngesiRashiya.

Izilimi zifunda Ket ngenjabulo enkulu, nakuba ihluke enkingeni futhi inezinkulumo ezintathu. Noma kunjalo, umehluko phakathi kwabo awubonakali kakhulu. Ngeshwa, ukubikezelwa kososayensi kuyadumaza - eminyakeni embalwa eMhlabeni ngeke kuhlale umuntu oyedwa ongakwazi ukumemezela okungenani igama elilodwa kuKet.

Indwangu kazwelonke yamaKets

I-Ketas ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka yavela ngoba yayigqoka izingubo ezithengiwe. Kodwa futhi izikhumba zasendle nezilwane zasekhaya zazivame ukusetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkomo, ama-hares kanye nama-squirrels kwakufanelekile.

Kusuka endwangu ye-chum salmon, izembatho ezinomsoco nezikhululekile ngephunga kanye namacwecwe amakhulu zabekwe eceleni. Isici esibophezelayo sengubo kwakuyizingubo zeboya, zafika emadolweni futhi zivalwe kahle. Izicathulo zazivame ukwenziwa ngesikhumba futhi zidwetshwe ezimhlotsheni ezibomvu ezahlukene.

Ebusika, izingubo zafakwa ngezingubo zangaphandle ezenziwe ngezikhumba kanye nezikhwama zokuzingela eziphoqelekile. Babehlale begcoba ngekhamus futhi bagcoba ngamafutha ezilwane.

Inkolo yabantu abasengozini baseSiberia

Izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zamaKets zaziyimpumelelo kakhulu. Isisekelo senkolo kwakuyizilwane, okuyisici sabo bonke abantu ababandakanya ukuzingela nokudoba. Ngokufanayo, amaKets aneminye imibono mayelana nokuphila okulandelayo, ahlukanisa umhlaba wonke zibe izingxenye ezintathu. Imingcele engenhla yikubusa komuntu omuhle efomini lesilisa, izwe eliphakathi lalinabantu, futhi umbuso ophansi ongaphansi komhlaba wawulawulwa unkulunkulukazi omubi nononya.

Ukuphila kwamaKets

Njengoba abantu behlala njalo behlala e-taiga, impilo yakhe yayiyinto elula kakhulu futhi elula kubazingeli. Okuvamile kwakuyizinhlobo ezimbili zezindlu:

1. I-Chum

Yakhiwa ngamapulangwe amakhulu futhi agcwele ama-birch bark. Kule ndaba lapho kwakudingeka ushintshe indawo yokuhlala ngokuphuthumayo, lesi sifo singasuswa kalula futhi sithunyelwe.

2. I-dugout

Izakhiwo ezinjalo zazingavamile ukuqhutshwa, ngoba kwakudla isikhathi eside ukuhlomisa indawo entsha. Ngokuvamile umshini wawumncane futhi wawunamakhaza ama-birch namagatsha amasha ama-fir. Ngaphakathi kwe-chum, kwakhiwa amatafula amaningi we-birch, alandelwa amalungu omndeni.

Cishe zonke izitsha zasendlini zenziwe nge-birch noma uphondo, ikakhulukazi izinkomishi, izitsha zangaphandle kanye nohlobo oluthile lwe-pial lomhluzi. Ekuhambeni kokudoba ama-ketas athunyelwa ezikebheni ezikhanyayo ezenziwe emthini ogodiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakusetshenziswa imikhumbi emikhulu, engase ihambe kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezine zempahla.

Abazingeli basebusika benza izigqoko kanye nezikhukhula, esikoleni bahamba ngezinkuni nezikhumba zezinyamazane. Le ndlela yavumela ukuletha izidumbu eziyisihlanu ezidolobheni ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Manje izazi-mlando kanye nezilimi zifunda ngokucophelela amaKets, kodwa ngisho nabantu abadala abakwazi ukuvula ososayensi amasiko abo amaningi ngenxa yokungazi. Kakade eminyakeni eminingi edlule abantu empeleni balahlekelwe izimpande zabo futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze bangaqedwa ngokuphelele njengeqembu elihlukile le-ethnographic.