I-biography nobuciko be-Glinka (okwesikhashana). Imisebenzi ye-Glinka

Ubuciko MI Glinka bhala isigaba esisha somlando ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo - i-classical. Wakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuthambekela okuhle kweYurophu ngamasiko kazwelonke. Ukunakwa kufanelekela wonke umsebenzi weGlinka. Chaza kafushane zonke izinhlobo zolimi azisebenzisayo. Okokuqala, yi-opas yakhe. Baye bazuza ukubaluleka okukhulu, ngoba baphinde bavuselele izenzakalo zobuqhawe zesikhathi esidlule. Ukuthandana kwakhe kugcwele ubuzwe obukhethekile nobuhle. Imisebenzi yamaSyphonic iyinhlobo ebonakalayo engavamile. Enkulumweni yomculo uGlinka wathola umthombo wezinkondlo ezingapheli futhi wadala ubuciko bobuzwe bukazwelonke.

Ubuciko kanye ne- biography ye-Glinka. Ubuntwana nentsha

Wazalwa ngoMeyi 20, 1804. Ubuntwana bakhe babesebenza emzaneni waseNovovasskoye. Okukhanyayo nokukhunjulwa kokubukwa kokuphila kwakuyizingoma kanye nezingoma zomhlengikazi u-Avdotya Ivanovna. Wayehlale ekhangwa ngomsindo wokukhala, okwakusheshe waqala ukulingisa ezitsheni zethusi. Waqala ukufunda ekuseni futhi wayefuna ukwazi ngemvelo. Ngokuthandekayo kuthinte ukufundwa komagazini omdala we-"Ngokuhamba phambili ngokujwayelekile." Yenza isithakazelo esikhulu kwezohambo, geography, umdwebo nomculo. Ngaphambi kokungena esikoleni esihle kakhulu sokubhukuda, wafunda izifundo zepiyano futhi waphumelela ngokushesha kule ndaba enzima.

Ebusika ngo-1817, wathunyelwa ePetersburg endlini yokuhlala lapho ahlala khona iminyaka emine. Wafunda neBem noMkhakha. Ukuphila kanye nomsebenzi weGlinka esikhathini esukela ngo-1823 kuya ku-1830 begcwele kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1824, wavakashela eCaucasus, lapho akhonza khona kuze kube ngu-1828 njengomsizi unobhala wezitimela. Ukusuka ngo-1819 kuya ku-1828 ngezikhathi ezithile uvakashela uNovospasskoe wakhe wendawo. Emva kwalokho uhlangana nabangane abasha ePetersburg (uP. Yushkov noD. D. Demidov). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi udala imibhangqwana yakhe yokuqala. Lezi yizi:

• Elegy "Ungangilingi" emazwini kaBartsnsky.
• "Umculi ompofu" ngamazwi kaZhukovsky.
• "Ngiyakuthanda, ungitshele" futhi "Ngamahloni, ngokubabazayo" ngamazwi kaKorsak.

Ubhala izingcezu zepiyano, wenza umzamo wokuqala wokubhala i-opera "Ukuphila kwe-Tsar".

Uhambo lokuqala phesheya

Ngo-1830 waya e-Italy, endleleni eya eJalimane. Kwakuyihambo lwakhe lokuqala. Waya lapha ukuthuthukisa impilo yakhe futhi ujabulele isimo esizungezile sezwe elingaziwa. Ukuzibona kwakhe kwamnika izinto ezigciniwe zasempumalanga ye-Opera Ruslan noLyudmila. E-Italy, waze kwaba ngo-1833, ikakhulu eMilan.

Ukuphila nobuciko be-Glinka kuleli zwe kuqhubekela phambili ngempumelelo, kalula futhi kulula. Lapha ukujwayelana nomdwebi uK. Bryullov, uprofesa waseMoscow uSheviryayev, kwenzeka. Okuvela kubaqambi - noDonizetti, Mendelssohn, Berlioz nabanye. E-Milan, uRiccordi ushicilela ezinye zezenzo zakhe.

Ngo-1831-1832 wabhala ama-serenades amabili, imibhangqwana eminingi, ama-Cavatins ase-Italian, i-sextet e-key e-E enkulu. Emibuthanweni yobukhosi, wayaziwa ngokuthi u-Maestro russo.

Ngo-July 1833, waya eVienna, wabe esehlala cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha eBerlin. Lapha uthuthukisa ulwazi lwakhe lwezobucwepheshe nomuntu owaziwayo wezandla zakwaZ. Dehn. Ngokulandelayo, ngaphansi kokuhola kwakhe, wabhala "i-Russian Symphony". Ngaleso sikhathi ithalenta yomqambi isathuthuka. Ubuciko Glinka buba ngaphezulu mahhala ethonyeni labanye, uyazi kabanzi ngaye. Ku "Amanothi" akhe uyavuma ukuthi sonke lesi sikhathi wayefuna indlela yakhe nesitayela. Ushiyiwe ekhaya, cabanga ngokubhala ngesiRashiya.

Buyela ekhaya

Entwasahlobo ka-1834, uMikhail weza kuNovovasskoe. Wacabanga ngokuya phesheya futhi, kodwa wanquma ukuhlala ezweni lakubo. Ehlobo lika-1834 waya eMoscow. Uhlangana lapha noMelgunov futhi ubuyisela abajwayele ukuxhumana naye ngemibuthano yomculo neyombhalo. Phakathi kwabo, u-Aksakov, uVerstovsky, uPogodin, uShevyrev. UGlinka wanquma ukwakha i- opera kazwelonke yaseRussia . Wathatha i-opera yothando "Marina Grove" (esakhiweni sikaZhukovsky). Uhlelo lomqambi aluzange lubonakaliswe, lolu hlelo aluzange lufinyelele kithi.

Ekwindla ka-1834 weza ePetersburg, lapho ahambela khona imibuthano yombhalo kanye neyamateur. Ngesikhathi uZhukovsky emtshela ukuthi athathe indaba ka "Ivan Susanin." Kule nkathi yesikhathi uhlanganisa izingoma ezinjalo: "Ungambizi wasezulwini," "Ungasho ukuthi, uthando luzodlula," "Nganginazi kuphela," "Ngilapha, i-Inezilya." Ekuphileni kwakhe, unomcimbi omkhulu - umshado. Ngalokhu, waba nesithakazelo sokubhala i-Opera yaseRussia. Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kwathonya umsebenzi kaGlinka, ikakhulukazi umculo we-opera yakhe. Ekuqaleni, umqambi wanquma ukubhala i-cantata, enemibala emithathu yokudweba. Okokuqala kwakuzobizwa ngokuthi indawo yasemaphandleni, eyesibili - iPoland, yesithathu - isiphetho esibucayi. Kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya likaZhukovsky, wadala i-opera ephawulekayo, equkethe izenzo ezinhlanu.

I-premiere ye "Life for the Tsar" yenzeke ngoNovemba 27, 1836. V. Odoevsky wayakwazisa. U-Emperor Nicholas Ngethula uGlinka ngendandatho yezinhlamvu ezingu-4000. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wammisa umqhubi. Ngo-1839 ngezizathu eziningana uGlinka washiya emsebenzini. Kule nkathi, kudala ukuveza ubuciko. UGlinka Mikhail Ivanovich wabhala izingoma ezinjalo: "Ukubukeza ebusuku", "Inkanyezi yaseNyakatho", isinye isenzakalo esivela ku "Ivan Susanin". Yamukelwa nge-opera entsha esakhiweni se "Ruslan noLyudmila" eselulekweni sikaShakhovsky. Ngo-November 1839, wahlukanisa nomkakhe. Esikhathini sokuphila kwakhe "nobuzalwane" (1839-1841) kudala uchungechunge lwezidlova. I-Opera "uRuslan noLyudmila" kwakuwumcimbi osalinde isikhathi eside, amathikithi athengwe kusengaphambili. I-premiere yenzeke ngo-27.11.1842. Impumelelo yayiyinkimbinkimbi. Ngemuva kwemibukiso engu-53, i-opera yaphela ukuba isiteji. Umqambi wanquma ukuthi i-brainchild yakhe yayinganakwa, futhi wayengenandaba. Ubuciko Glinka bumiwe unyaka.

Ukuya emazweni akude

Ehlobo lika-1843 wadabula eJalimane waya eParis, lapho ahlala khona kuze kube sehlobo lika-1844.

Uvuselela abantu abadala, bangabangani noBerlioz. UGlinka wahlatshwa umxhwele ngemisebenzi yakhe. Uhlola uhlelo lwakhe lusebenza. EParis, ugcina ubuhlobo obunobungane noMerimee, Hertz, Chateonf nabanye abaningi abaculi nabalobi. Ube esevakashela eSpain, lapho ehlala khona iminyaka emibili. Wayese-Andalusia, eGranada, eValladolid, eMadrid, ePamplona naseSegovia. Ubhala "i-Aragon Hotu". Lapha uhlala ezinkingeni ezicindezelayo zasePetersburg. Ehamba ngeSpain, uMikhail Ivanovich waqoqa izingoma nemidanso yabantu, wabhala phansi encwadini. Ezinye zazo zakha isisekelo somsebenzi othi "Ubusuku eMadrid". Kusukela ezincwadini zikaGlinka kusobala ukuthi eSpain uphumule inhliziyo nenhliziyo, lapha uhlala kahle kakhulu.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila

Ngo-July 1847 wabuyela ezweni lakubo. Kunesikhathi esithile ku-Novospassky. Ubuciko bukaMikhail Glinka ngalesi sikhathi buvuselelwa ngamandla amakhulu. Ubhala izingcezu eziningana zepiyano, uthando "Uzokhohlwa maduze" nabanye. Entwasahlobo ka-1848, waya eWarsaw futhi wahlala lapha kwaze kwawa. Ubhalela i-orchestra ethi "Kamarinskaya", "Ubusuku eMadrid", imibukiso. Ngo-November 1848 weza ePetersburg, lapho ayegula khona ubusika bonke.

Entwasahlobo ka-1849 uphindela eWarsaw futhi uhlala lapha kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1851. NgoJulayi walo nyaka, wagula, ngemuva kokuthola izindaba ezibuhlungu zokufa kukaMama. Ngo-September, ubuyela ePetersburg, uhlala nodadewabo uL. Shestakova. Ubhala ngokungavamile kakhulu. Ngo-May 1852 waya eParis futhi ufika ngoMeyi 1854. Kusukela ngo-1854-1856 uhlala ePetersburg nodadewabo. Uthanda umculi waseRussia uD. Leonova. Ukwenza amalungiselelo amakhonsathi akhe. Ngo-Ephreli 27, 1856 wasuka waya eBerlin, lapho ahlala khona endaweni yaseDen. Nsuku zonke wayeza kumvakashela futhi aqondise amakilasi ngesitayela esiqinile. Ubuciko MI Glinka buyaqhubeka. Kodwa kusihlwa ngoJanuwari 9, 1857, wabamba umkhuhlane. Ngo-Febhuwari 3, uMikhail Ivanovich washona.

Iyini emisha yeGlinka?

UMnuz Glinka wadala isitayela saseRashiya emasikweni omculo. Wayengumqambi wokuqala eRussia owaxhuma imishini yomculo ngesitolo somculo (umculo womculo waseRussia) (lokhu kuhilela umculo, ukuvumelana, isigqi kanye ne-counterpoint). Ukudala komqambi uGlinka uqukethe izibonelo ezanele ezicacile zaloluhlelo. Lona umdlalo wakhe womculo "Life for the Tsar", i-opera yama-epic "Ruslan noLyudmila." Njengesibonelo sesitayela somculo waseRussia, ungabiza igama elithi "Kamarinskaya", "Prince Kholmsky", lihlanganisa futhi lihlangane nazo zombili ama-opas. Ukuthandana kwakhe kuyizibonelo ezinhle zobuciko bezingoma ezizwakalayo. I-Glinka ibhekwa ngokufanele njengenkosi yobudala yokubaluleka kwezwe.

Ubuciko be-Symphonic

Ngomculi we-symphonic, umqambi wakha inani elincane lemisebenzi. Kodwa indima yabo emlandweni wezobuciko zomculo iye yabonakala ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ibhekwa njengesisekelo se-Russian classic symphonism. Cishe konke kungokwezifiso zefantasy noma ama-overture ahlukene. "Aragon Hota", "Waltz-Fantasy", "Kamarinskaya", "Prince Kholmsky" no "Night eMadrid" yakha umsebenzi we-Glinka. Umqambi wabeka imithetho emisha yentuthuko.

Izici eziyinhloko zemidwebo yakhe yomsindo:

• Ukutholakala.
• Isimiso sohlelo jikelele.
• Ukungafani kwamafomu.
• Ukucindezela, ukufana kwamafomu.
• Ukuthembela emcabangweni jikelele wobuciko.

Ubuciko be-symphonic uGlinka buchaza ngempumelelo uP. Tchaikovsky, eqhathanisa "neKamarinskaya" nge-oak ne-acorn. Futhi wagcizelela ukuthi kulo msebenzi kukhona isikole sonke samaRussia esikoleni.

Ifa le-Opera lomqambi

"U-Ivan Susanin" ("Life for the Tsar") no "Ruslan noLyudmila" basebenzela umsebenzi weGlinka. I-Opera yokuqala iyidrama yomculo womculo. Ihlangene nezinhlobo eziningana. Okokuqala, i-opera ye-heroic-epic (indaba isekelwe ezenzakalweni zomlando ezingu-1612). Okwesibili, iqukethe izici ze-opera yama-epic, umdlalo womculo we-lyric-psychological and folk drama. Uma "u-Ivan Susanin" eqhubeka nemikhuba yaseYurophu, ke "uRuslan noLyudmila" uhlobo olusha lwezobuciko obuhle kakhulu.

Lalotshwa ngo-1842. Izilaleli azikwazanga ukukuqonda, kwakungaqondakali kuningi. U-V. Stasov wayengomunye wabagxeka abambalwa abaqaphela ukubaluleka kwalo lonke isiko lomculo waseRussia. Ugcizelele ukuthi lokhu akuyona nje i-opera engaphumeleli, uhlobo olusha lwedrama, engaziwa ngokuphelele. Izici ze-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila":

• Ukuthuthukiswa okuncane.
• Ukungabi nokuphikisana okuqondile.
• Izitayela zothando - ezimibalabala nezithombe ezimnandi.

Ama-Romance nezingoma

Ukudala ubuciko be-Glinka kudalwe ngumqambi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Wabhala izingoma ezingaphezu kuka-70. Bakha imizwa ehlukahlukene: uthando, ukudabuka, ukukhathazeka ngokomoya, ukujabula, ukudumazeka, njll. Kwezinye zazo izithombe zokuphila kanye nemvelo zifakiwe. I-Glinka ingaphansi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokuthandana ekhaya. I-ballad, "ingoma yaseRussia", i-serenade, i-elegy. Ihlanganisa ukudansa okunjalo kwansuku zonke njenge-waltz, i-polka ne-mazurka. Umqambi uphendukela ezinhlobonhlobo eziwuphawu lomculo wabanye abantu. Lena i-barcarole yase-Italy ne-bolero yaseSpain. Izinhlobo zama-romance zihluke kakhulu: izingxenye ezintathu, ivesi elilula, eliyinkimbinkimbi, i-rondo. Ukudala ubuciko be-Glinka kufaka phakathi imibhalo yezimbongi ezingamashumi amabili. Ukwazi ukuveza umculo wezici zolimi lwezinkondlo zombhali ngamunye. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuveza izingoma eziningi yi-tune melodic yokuphefumula okukhulu. Indima enkulu idlala yingxenye yepiyano. Cishe yonke imibono inezethulo, ezitholwa emkhathini wesenzo futhi zibeke isimo sengqondo. Uyaziwa kakhulu izingoma ezinjalo zikaGlinka njenge:

• "Egazini livutha umlilo wesifiso."
• "Skylark".
• "Ingoma ehambelanayo".
• "Ukungabaza".
• "Ngikhumbula umzuzu omuhle."
• "Ungazami."
• "Uzongikhohlwa maduzane."
• "Ungasho ukuthi inhliziyo ibuhlungu."
• "Ungahlabeli, ubuhle, nami."
• "Ukuqashelwa."
• "Ukubuyekezwa ebusuku."
• "Khumbula."
• "Kuye."
• "Ngilapha, Inesilia."
• "Awu, ingabe ubusuku noma ubusuku?"
• "Ngomzuzu wokuphila kunzima."

Ubuciko bokubamba iqhaza kweGlinka (ngokufushane)

Isibonelo esiqhakazile seqoqo lezinsimbi ngumsebenzi omkhulu wepiyano kanye ne-quintet yezintambo ze-Glinka. Lokhu kuyindlela yokuzijabulisa ephawulekayo esekelwe ku-Opera Bellini "Somnambula" eyaziwayo. Imibono nemisebenzi emisha ihlelwe emigumbini emibili yegumbi: "i-Big Sextet" ne "Trio Pathetical". Futhi nakuba kulezi zenzo kuxhomeke ekutheni inkolelo yesiNtaliyane izwa, ziyiqiniso futhi zangempela. Ku "I-Sextet" kunomculo ocebile, ukukhulula i-thematicism, ifomu elincane. Le nkampani uhlobo lwekhonsathi. Kulo msebenzi, uGlinka wazama ukuveza ubuhle bemvelo yase-Italy. "Trio" yiyona ehlukile ngokuqondile kokuhlanganiswa kokuqala. Uhlamvu lwakhe luyabuhlungu futhi lukhathazekile.

Umculo wegceke kaGlinka wandisa kakhulu ukuqhutshwa kwe-violinists, ama pianists, abadlali be-viola, ama-clarinetists. Ama-chamber ensembles akhangisa abalaleli ngokujula okungavamile kwemizwa yomculo, amafomu ehlukahlukene, isimo sokuphefumula komculo.

Isiphetho

Ukudala ubuciko be-Glinka kuhlanganisa ukuthambekela okuhle kakhulu kwe-European namasiko kazwelonke. Isigaba esisha emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo sihlotshaniswa negama lomqambi, okuthiwa "i-classical." Ubuciko Glinka buhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezithathe indawo emlandweni womculo waseRussia futhi zifanelwe ukunakwa kwabalaleli nabacwaningi. Ngamanye ama-opas akhe avula uhlobo olusha lomdlalo. "Ivan Susanin" ngumdlalo womculo womculo, ohlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene. "I-Ruslan noLyudmila" yi-opera ephawulekayo ngaphandle kwempi ephikisiwe. Ikhula ngokuthula nangokuzilibazisa. Iyingqayizivele enombala nokufanekisa. Ama-opas akhe athola ukubaluleka okukhulu, njengoba evuselela imicimbi yeqhawe yangaphambili. Umsebenzi we-Symphonic ubhalwe kancane. Kodwa-ke, bebengakwazi ukujabulisa abalaleli kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuba babe yingcebo yangempela kanye nesisekelo samafilimu aseRussia, njengoba abhekene nemifanekiso emihle.

Umsebenzi womzwi womqambi uhlanganisa imisebenzi engaba ngu-70. Zonke ziyakuthandeka futhi ziyathandeka. Zihlanganisa imizwelo ehlukene, imizwa nemizwelo. Bagcwele ubuhle obukhethekile. Umqambi uphendukela ezihlotsheni ezahlukene namafomu. Ngokuqondene ne-chamber-instrumental, bayabalwa futhi. Nokho, indima yabo ayibalulekile. Baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde babone izibonelo ezintsha nezifanelekayo.