History Of Izingcingo: ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa

Zefoni indaba ethakazelisayo isici kokusungulwa amadivayisi ahlukahlukene, futhi ngokuya izigaba ukwembuleka zokuxhumana amanethiwekhi ezinhlobo ezehlukene emhlabeni wonke. Kwezinye izici Dynamics ukusabalala ubuchwepheshe ezifanele kubonakala wamavukelambuso, kwesinye libhekene intuthuko eqhubekayo iyunifomu. Ayini amaqiniso enhle kakhulu mayelana zokuxhumana ngocingo umkhakha global?

Ubani owasungula le ucingo?

Ngokwesiko, umlando umsuka ucingo ixhunyiwe nge igama Aleksandra Bella, waseScotland owazalelwa umsunguli American. Ngempela, lo mhloli wamazwe odumile wathatha ngqo iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni idivayisi wamavukelambuso ngokudlulisa umsindo buqamama. Nokho, kukhona amaqiniso ukuthi ekwenzeni ifoni indzima lebalulekile kukhala ngamanye abaklami. Ngokwesibonelo, Iogann filipp Reis, umsunguli abadumile isiJalimane, emhlanganweni ososayensi omphakathi Physics, olwenziwa ngo-1861, kubika edala prototype zedivayisi kagesi ukudlulisa umsindo buqamama. Kwakubuye kube igama kokusungulwa - "Ifoni", ajwayelekile kithi namuhla. Reis ababephila ngesikhathi Nokho, idivayisi likhishiwe ngaphandle intshiseko efanele. Kodwa kuyinto ebaluleke Eqinisweni, elinomlando kwefoni yakho.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-15, abacwaningi ababili American, u-Elisha Grey Aleksandr Bell, esebenza ngokuzimela, wathola umphumela wefoni. Bobabili ososayensi, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngalo lolo suku, okungukuthi 14 Februwari 1876, bafaka isicelo ukuze patent kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile. Kulokhu isimiso samanje, angathathwa luphumelele wefoni, bengakabi lakhiwe. Cishe Bell cishe amahora 2 ngaphambi Gray ekusebenziseni, futhi izazi-mlando eziningi ukuhlobanisa nalesi simo ngenxa yokuthi umlando ifoni namuhla lihlotshaniswa igama womqalisi American.

Ukufika kombuso ifoni yokuqala

Aleksandr Bell wahlala e-Boston futhi wasebenza nabantu ihlangabezana nezinkinga kokuzwa futhi inkulumo. Ngo-1873 waba uprofesa emkhakheni wezokusebenza zomzimba eBoston University. Ngu uhlobo imisebenzi yakhe, cishe wayengacabangi kangako uchwepheshe emkhakheni umsindo futhi kwadingeka ukuzwa kakhulu.

Umlando ifoni yokuqala adalwe Aleksandrom Bellom, ixhunyiwe, ngaleyo ndlela ngomsebenzi wakhe. Phakathi kwamaqiniso emangalisayo ephathelene kokusungulwa idivayisi - nomphumela ofanayo wefoni ukutholwa umcwaningi ngosizo ngqo of umsizi wakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, ochwepheshe ukusebenza Bell, kanye uhoxile ipuleti zedivayisi okuxhunyanwa, okuyinto, njengoba kwakubonakala Bella wayenza kugedlezela. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi umcwaningi, lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi isici kokwenza Ukuvalwa gqwa othintana kagesi.

Ngesisekelo nomphumela Kutholwe ka Aleksandr Bell wadala efonini. Yena lamiswa silula: ulwelwesi lwesikhumba esingaphandle, ifakwe okuwuphawu isici ukwandisa umthamo. Idivayisi bangadlulisela kuphela umsindo amazwi, kodwa kubonakala sengathi, kwakwanele ukuba patent idivayisi - ezifanele dokhumenti, esaziwa ngokuthi ngubani owabhala lo mshini, Bell wathola Mashi 10, 1876.

Umlando futhi amafoni ezithakazelisayo futhi ngokuya ukuxhashazwa kwayo kwezokuthengiselana. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa umsunguli we ifoni ilungiswe ukuze bangadlulisela amazwi ngokucacile ehlukile. Kamuva, u-Aleksandr Bell wabonisa kudivayisi yakhe kumphakathi ibhizinisi. Iyunithi ayithinta Amazing ebhizinisini kwabantu. ngokushesha umsunguli American bhalisiwe inkampani yakhe, kamuva eyaba abachuma.

Eyokuqala ucingo

umlando Ucingo nesenzakalo yaziwa kithi manje. Kodwa okusungulile Bell sika lajula ekuphileni kwansuku zonke? Ngo-1877 - e-Boston - ucingo Umugqa wokuqala wethulwa, futhi ngo-1878, e-New Haven - ngocingo exchange. Ngawo lowo nyaka kwenye umsunguli waseMelika odumile, uThomas Edison, nesifanekiso esisha zedivayisi izwi buqamama. Esikhathini sawo sokuphila ikhoyili isakhiwo lokungeniswa likhona, okuyinto ukwandisa izinga zokuxhumana, kanye ukwandisa ibanga yokudlulisela umsindo.

Umnikelo abaqambi ezivela eRussia

Umlando ifoni futhi axhunyiwe nge amagama abaklami Russian. Ngo-1885 Pavel Mihaylovich Golubitsky umsunguli ezivela eRussia wazakhela uhlelo ngokuyinhloko entsha exchange ngocingo, lapho amandla sasithola apharathasi kusukela ngaphandle - emthonjeni emaphakathi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ifoni ngayinye inikwa amandla yi-amandla AC yayo yokuxhuma. Lo mqondo ukuvumele ukudala isiteshi kuyilapho sikhonza lenqwaba ababhalisile - amashumi ezinkulungwane. Ngo-1895, umsunguli Russian Mikhail Filippovich Freudenberg ahlinzekwa emhlabeni nomqondo exchange, okusho uxhumano ngokuzenzekelayo enye zokubhalisa kwenye. oyibamba Okokuqala PBX yethulwa e-United States emzini Augusta.

Ukuthuthukiswa lemigqa zokuxhumana eRussia

Indaba ifoni eRussia ixhunyiwe ukwakhiwa imigqa yokudlulisela yokuxhumana phakathi Petersburg Malaya Vishera. Ingxoxo yokuqala phakathi ababhalisile Russian esebenzisa isiteshi wathi senzeka ngo-1879, okungukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka engu-3 kuphela kusukela kokusungulwa ngocingo. Kamuva, omunye ezisetshenziswa umphakathi zokuxhumana imigqa yokuqala exhunywe marina St George, elise Nizhny Novgorod, kanye efulethini okuqondene kobuholi Steamship Inkampani "lamabutho". umugqa ubude babuyizingalo mayelana 1547 m.

ucingo Ukuhwebelana avamile omuzi - Petersburg, eMoscow, nase-Odessa - waqala lisebenza kusukela ngo-1882. Ngo 1898, kwaba khona umugqa elide, yokuxhuma eMoscow Petersburg. Umlando amafoni eRussia unesithakazelo yokuthi esiteshini elikhonza isiteshi zokuxhumana phakathi eMoscow Petersburg, futhi kukhona usasebenza. Itholakala kwi-Butcher Street e inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia.

Ukushesha yentuthuko izingcingo eMbusweni Russian zazinzima ehloniphekile - ngakho, isibonelo, ngo-1916 izakhamuzi 100 eMoscow zazinesilinganiso seminyaka 3.7 ifoni. Ngo-1935, kakade eSoviet Union, ingabe wonke izingcingo eMoscow ngo metro station. Kusukela ngo-1953, zonke izindlu, ayifake inkonzo enhloko-dolobha yeSoviet Union, wehlulekile abe intambo yocingo.

Umlando nefoni othakazelisayo. Kuyinto njalo ezithakazelisayo silitadishe ngokuningiliziwe. Funda indlela abangu olunezintambo izingcingo, cabangela la maqiniso eziphawuleka kakhulu aphathelene nokufezeka kumadivayisi eselula, manje akukho ngaphansi ziphoqa kunalena bendabuko.

benza kanjani omakhalekhukhwini

Ingxoxo sokuqala esilotshwe ocingweni ngokusebenzisa ishaneli yomsakazo, eziningi izici ayisihluthulelo nemigomo efanele kwenhlangano ukuxhumana kwamangqamuzana yesimanje wawuba ngo-1950 e-Sweden. Sture Laugen umsunguli lapho beshayela Televerket, washayela ngokuphumelelayo olunembile inkonzo isikhathi nge abafanele lwedivayisi. Ngesikhathi Sture Lauren babechithe iminyaka eminingi e Televerket, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa kule divayisi. Umlando umakhalekhukhwini uxhumeke nge igama Ragnar Berglund, Laura osebenza nabo.

Umgomo - mass imakethe

Ngesikhathi ikhomishana Laurenne ucingo, okuyinto sishilo ngenhla, ucingo emsakazweni, njengoba enjalo, iye yasetshenziswa kakade, kodwa kwaba atholakale services akhethekile izakhiwo lempi kuphela. inkampani Televerket umgomo - ukudala kudivayisi olukhona zonke izakhamuzi.

IMisa-emakethe ukuthuthukiswa Swedish likhishwa ngo-1956. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza kuphela emadolobheni amabili - Stockholm futhi Gothenburg. Phakathi 1956 kwakuhlangene ukuba 26 nje ababhalisile, okuyinto nje kungazange kumangaze ngenxa expensiveness okusezingeni eliphezulu "umakhalekhukhwini", ukubaluleka okuyinto kwafaniswa intengo imoto.

Ukuthuthukiswa zokuxhumana mobile

Umlando bamaselula yenombolo izici unika Dynamics ukusabalala wefoni. Uma, ukwenza isibonelo, emva imishini engu-3 kuphela ubudala wadala kumigomo Aleksandra Bella, eqhutshwa ngenkuthalo eRussia, isikhathi eside impela, omakhalekhukhwini ungazange usebenzise nesidingo esikhulu.

Kuphela ngo-1969, abaholi ezweni ezokuxhumana emakethe baqala ukucabanga ngalokho ukuthi kuyoba mnandi ukuba ngandlela-thile ubunye abafanele zokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi zokubhalisa ngalinye - efana fixed amafoni abanikazi - kuyodingeka inombolo yayo, kanye nosuku, hhayi kuphela kuleli zwe lapho ikhishwa, kodwa futhi phesheya. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi umlando ifoni ephathekayo empeleni zisuka ibonisa isithakazelo omphakathi ubunjiniyela ukuqaliswa uzulazula imiqondo.

Kwelinye abaqambi lokuqala ukuphakamisa ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto kwakheka izicelo ezifanele - owaphothula Stockholm Technical School Estaing Myakitolo. Umlando kokudaliweyo kuselula njengoba sisazi kuhlobene ngokuqondile igama lakhe. Nokho, ngenxa ukusebenza nokusebenzisa umqondo Myakitolo edingekayo ubuchwepheshe enamandla kakhulu. Bavele nje ekuqaleni kwawo-80 sika.

Inethiwekhi lokuqala yeselula

Umlando kwamaselula zihlanganisa kuyiqiniso ephawulekayo: kuqala, Saudi Arabia yaba izwe lapho inethiwekhi yeselula lakhiwe. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi inkampani Ericsson, kutsi bahlanganyele ukusebenza nokusebenzisa imiqondo ezihlongozwayo Myakitolo, ngo-1981 basayina isivumelwano izimpahla amasevisi afanele. Inethiwekhi, okuyinto wethulwa Saudi Arabia, besihambisana nesiminyaminya umbandela main - mass. Kancane kancane amazinga yeselula ngcono, inethiwekhi waqala ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe.

Kutfutfukiswa amazinga ajwayelekile

Njengoba ukukhula emakethe mobile sekukhomba uthuthuva isidingo sokusungula amazinga ajwayelekile okuhlinzeka namasevisi ahlobene. Ngo-Saudi Arabia, eScandinavia, aseBenelux isibe umqondo ezidumile NMT kwabantu eJalimane yayihilela C-Netz uhlelo e-UK, eFrance nase-Italy isetshenziswa imiqondo yabo.

Ukufika kombuso GSM

Ukuhlanganisa isikhala mobile European, GSM ejwayelekile yadalwa. Angaba uthi, unezinkolelo okungcono ezinye imiqondo "kazwelonke", ngakho-ke, nakuba ayengafiki ngaphandle nobunzima, kodwa wamukelwa umphakathi European ubuchwepheshe ngo-1986. Kodwa-GSM-kunethiwekhi kuqala laqanjwa kuphela ngo-1990 e-Finland. Ngemva kwalokho, le ndinganiso isibe umphakeli esiyinhloko ukuxhumana kwamangqamuzana Russian.

History Of Izingcingo - kokubili ezivamile kanye neselula - Liyindawo okuthakazelisayo. Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa. Ake ukutadisha indlela yokuthuthukisa umugqa yeselula.

Ukuthuthukiswa emakethe yeselula

Ngo emva kusungulwa GSM-amazinga amasevisi ukusetshenziswa umthengi umkhuba olufanele eminyakeni yokuqala kwaba eqolo. Kodwa kancane kancane amadivaysi ezidingekile ukusebenza nge amanethiwekhi eselula, bawa futhi baba omkhulu ngempela. Izingcingo abangu ngcono, kwehle ngosayizi. Ngo-1996, u-Nokia owethulwa, eqinisweni, omunye smart phone lokuqala - idivayisi lapho ungathumela i-imeyili, amafeksi, ukusebenzisa i-Inthanethi. Ngawo lowo nyaka kwaba khona incwadi egcwele StarTac edume kusuka Motorola.

Smartphone Inthanethi mobile

Ngo-1997, Philips umkhankaso Spark ifoni ngemajini elikhulu ukuphila kwebhetri - amahora angaba ngu-350. Ngo-1998 kwabonakala sengathi idivayisi yeselula Cijela PMC-1-smartphone, has a touch screen. Kulindeleke ukuthi wayeyoba esincintisana ngqo ngenhla igajethi kusukela Nokia. Ngo-1999, opharetha mobile usuqalile ukwethula ubuchwepheshe WAP kuzokwenza lula ababhalisile indlela yokufinyelela Inthanethi yeselula. Ngo-2000, kwaba khona GPRS ejwayelekile futhi UMTS - omunye ukhiye isetshenziswa izakhiwo for 3G-amanethiwekhi.

Ngo-2009, inkampani Swedish TeliaSonera usethule lokuqala 4G inethiwekhi ejwayelekile emhlabeni. Manje kubhekwe lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu futhi wenziwa kugqugquzelwa opharetha emhlabeni wonke.

amafoni amathemba

Uyini isinyathelo esilandelayo kule ukuthuthukiswa imboni mobile? umlando iselula ebonisa ukuthi ngempumelelo ukufohla izixazululo singenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kungase kubonakale ukuthi izinga 4G - lena kumkhawulo yesimanje izici ubuchwepheshe. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi wedatha ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti amashumi megabits, kakhulu yokubiza izinga - okungase ezingeni eliphakeme?

Nokho, lawo amalabhorethri ehola ucwaningo emhlabeni bayaqhubeka bezikhandla emkhakheni ngcono ubuchwepheshe mobile. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ezandleni ubani ofuna isikhokhelo kuyoba njengoba evusa amadlingozi umshini yesimanje owakhileyo, kwaba indlela ifoni Bella e kweminyaka engu-70 ngekhulu le-19, noma yedivayisi lapho ucingo emotweni ku inombolo yendawo Sture ULauren. Futhi emva kwesikhashana futhi abantu ngeke bamangale. Ngakho lokhu tech umkhakha emangalisayo ashukumisayo.