Gandelwe: definition, design. imiklamo esivamile izingubo komgwaqo kwemigwaqo idolobha

Ukubukeka evele endleleni evamile, enikezwe ukunyakaza ezokuthutha, efihla isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi izingqimba eziningana. ugqinsi ngalunye has imithetho yayo siqu amadivayisi, izici nangezinjongo zobuchwepheshe. Kuncike ukusebenza qualitative yazo zonke izingqimba ingatholakala enamathela ephephile futhi iqine. Lokhu kuyoba kwendawo egandaywe ngamatshe, ngaleyo ndlela okuyinto yakha ingqalasizinda eyisisekelo for ukuhamba izimoto.

Umqondo oyisisekelo umgandayo

imigwaqo isisekelo livamile asphalt ukhonkolo kanye usimende ukhonkolo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, izici ingahluka binders, amafraktjhini ephukile, isihlabathi, kanye nezinye fillers. Empeleni, isakhiwo ophelele owenziwa nguJesu ezinengilazi ezinjalo kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha komgandayo ephelele. Ukunqunywa inikeza iqoqo ezivamile enamathela izingqimba, kodwa kusendlalelo ngasinye uba ingxenye ehlukile zobuchwepheshe okuyiwona idivayisi izidingo ezikhethekile. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka enamathela kudingekile ukunikeza izimo ngaphansi okuyinto timphawu tesakhiwo kwenzeka voltage kusuka traffic ayinalo nemiphumela emibi isakhiwo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kuvumela ukubala kahle izici design ezenza ubuchwepheshe phambi imisebenzi komgwaqo.

Yini kubonelelwe umklamo egandayiwe?

imiklamo ejwayelekile zenzelwe njengoba Ukusabalala jikelele futhi imigwaqo yasedolobheni kanye emizileni zwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo akunandaba, lokhu onguthelawayeka noma emgwaqweni. Ukuthuthukiswa phrojekthi kubhekelwe ezingeni traffic kwabantu, izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa, umthwalo, izimo kwamanzi nomhlabathi, nezinye izinto ezithinta ukusebenza ezishelelayo komgwaqo futhi izisekelo. Ngo isakhiwo okungezona eqinile nakho ngeke kusize embozwe umgwaqo unikezwe nomqulu omncane izingqimba emakhiyubhi. Ikakhulukazi, ukuklanywa egandayiwe endleleni yalolu hlobo kuhilela ukubala kuka sivumelekile ku-ikhava okungekuhle kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa izimo zangaphandle, nezikhathi zonyaka. kuka esethola ibalwa ngokuvumelana nezici ezifanayo eziyisisekelo - the wemfihlo we kuyaqina.

Futhi uyakucabangela ukumelana izingqimba engenhla emhlabeni zenhlabathi, esikhathini esizayo ngeke wabeka isisekelo. Ngenxa yalesi ipharamitha bocwepheshe phuca iqondiswa ukucindezeleka value. Uma omunye izingqimba sokusuka ezindinganisweni yakhoibrium ngokuya phuca kungadala asalile ukusonteka izinqubo, isakhiwo egandayiwe kungafaka phakathi izinguquko ukwakheka ngokungeza plasticizers entsha futhi izingxenye lobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisa rigidity base sewebhu.

izinhlobonhlobo umgandayo

Zonke imiklamo ejwayelekile izingubo komgwaqo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili - eqinile-non-eqinile. Kulesi ngemodeli ngayinye inqubo enamathela apharathasi kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izinkomba ezithile umswakama, ukujiya, ubukhulu ingxenyenamba isihlabathi, ephukile izakhiwo jikelele we base usimende-isihlabathi. Ngakho, wemfihlo phansi eziqondileyo kuye design kungase kube isilinganiso 300-500 kgf / cm ^2. Njengoba i okuhlukile kungenzeka kuholele design sicabangela kungekho idivayisi isihlabathi ungqimba ukuze liphume igazi. Kulokhu, okuklama Kwenziwa zokuhamba non-eqinile nakho ngeke kusize eyenzelwe laying sandy loam umhlabathi nesihlabathi. I wemfihlo okunwebeka kohlaka enjalo ongafinyelela 1200 kg / ^cm2. design ehlukene kanye nenani inqubo izingqimba. Lokhu kungaba olujiyile ezimbili ungqimba izingubo, bayigubungele for 5-6 izingqimba. Kuye ngokuthi izimo zemvelo yephrojekthi kanye nabasunguli ungakwazi ukwengeza izingqimba ezengeziwe, ezifana umsebenzi yisivikelo.

Ejwayelekile umgandayo imiklamo

Eqakathekileko ngcono ingqalasizinda ezisemadolobheni kanye eceleni komgwaqo. enamathela Its futhi sihlobana izinhlobonhlobo kwendawo egandaywe ngamatshe, kodwa yebo, nezinye izici lobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza, eyenzelwe nabahamba ngezinyawo. Ukwakhiwa eziseceleni ezindaweni ezahlukene azihlukile ngakho komunye nomunye, njengoba isimo sezulu ikhava yabo umthelela kancane. Noma kunjalo, umklamo uyakucabangela isigaba emgwaqweni, injongo yayo, ukushuba nabahamba ngezinyawo, phansi eziqondileyo izici, kanye nesimo sengqondo sabantu eceleni komgwaqo kuya endleleni. Ifomu esezingeni isakhiwo egandayiwe kungenzeka yaqaphela umhlabathi kwagcizelela usebenzisa asphalt usimende slurries. Kwezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa amapuleti Ceramic futhi asphalt, kanye ababuthakathaka ngesisekelo itshe yemvelo. Kulesi ukustaka engenziwa ezelekene njengoba kunjalo imigwaqo ezivamile.

isisekelo umgandayo

Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela ingxenye ezibucayi kakhulu design jikelele njengoba itholakala umsebenzi topcoat isibopho ne emhlabathini, kanye umthwalo wokusabalalisa. Ngo umkhuba, uhlaka isicelo ihlinzeka iconsi voltage kusuka amasondo umthelela, ngokudlulisela bezikhali amandla enhlabathini. Ngakho, base ngezithukuthuku ikhava umhlaba kudala uhlobo umphumela ukushaqeka abaningi. Kodwa akuyona inkinga njalo ofanele komgandayo izici isizinda, ngokuya Ukuvikelwa emathonyeni angaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ungqimba ephansi angase abe nezimfanelo elilungile ukusebenza, kodwa ngaphansi isenzo abaseGibithe bayakunengwa ngukuphuza amanzi kancane kancane kwaluqeda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ingase ibonise ukumelana namathonya sezulu, kodwa kubi ukwenza umthwalo wokusabalalisa. Ukuze nokwandisa ezahlukene izici abakhi sikude futhi izingqimba ukusebenza isakhiwo isisekelo. Ngakho, ibhekwa eceleni nithela ingxenye futhi izingqimba asizayo. Ngo isakhiwo esinjalo, basecoat unesibopho ukumelana mechanical, futhi enamathela eminye okufanayo simelane kwezulu.

phezulu ingxenye

Ebusweni elingaphandle futhi uyazifeza eziningi imisebenzi ezibucayi, main okuyinto yokwamukela ngqo of imithwalo kusuka izimoto. Ukuthintana ngqo kwenzeka maqondana kwezulu zezulu, ngakho izimfanelo zokuzivikela engxenyeni engenhla kungenziwa ngokuthi jikelele. Multifunctionality enamathela yangaphandle kufinyelelwa ngenxa ezelekene njengoba kunjalo ngengxenye isizinda. Ngakho, ukuze andise ukumelana imifantu kule ungqimba enamathela isicelo esikhethekile geotextile futhi geogrid kabani Ukwakheka, kanye Ushintshe kungafaka izingxenye ekuqiniseni. Phezu kwendawo egandaywe ngamatshe has ukucutshungulwa ekhethekile, okuyinto futhi silondoloza luthi alufane kusuka umswakama neqhwa. Ngaphandle izimfanelo zokuzivikela wayekwenza kanye nokuqinisa izakhiwo kokokunamathisela ebusweni. ukucutshungulwa Special, isibonelo, liyasetshenziswa ukwandisa maholoholo futhi sithuthukise coupler imigwaqo amasondo.

izingqimba ezengeziwe

Kuye ngokuthi izimo yokusebenza we ebusweni umgwaqo kungathinta ezahlukahlukene ezimbi. Akuwona wonke umklamo ejwayelekile ungahlangana imithwalo eliphezulu, ngombono ukushisa, amanzi kanye nethonya lokukhanda. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo zokuhamba non-eqinile nakho ngeke kusize nomthamo omkhulu ukuze liphume igazi futhi asidingi ezengeziwe isihlabathi onezitezi, kodwa amandla abo izakhiwo kungadinga okhulisa. Ngenxa yalesi kudala ungqimba phakathi ingxenye yenethiwekhi kanye izingqimba engenhla, futhi izingqimba abekwa inqubo interm polymeric ifilimu isizinda kanye phansi.

ungqimba Frost ukumelana

Ngokuya imiphumela ezimbi zezulu kuyinto frost esinzima kakhulu. Ukuvikelwa ekusebenzeni uma kwamakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha sihlinzekela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke luyimbudumbudu, ezifana isihlabathi, isihlabathi futhi amatshe, slag futhi imfucumfucu. lapho Kumiswa uhlobo ukwahlukanisa angasebenza futhi enenhlabathi isisekelo umgandayo is ne izingqimba isizinda. Nokho, ukuze sivimbele umnkantsha e-izwe elibanzi impela encane - it is kulekelelwa kwagcizelela izakhi cementitious futhi izindunduma hydrophobed futhi izinto nepuchinistymi.

amanzi ungqimba

Ubuchwepheshe izingqimba zalolu hlobo zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinezinga roadbed inhlabathi nedreniruyuschego. Lokhu kufakwa esiyisibopho zokwakheka okunjalo sibonakala izifunda nge imvula obuningi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we ungqimba amanzi wukuqinisekisa amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo ejwayelekile ezisemadolobheni umgwaqo zokuhamba lapho ungqimba amanzi lilinganiselwe ephakeme kuya ka okokuqandisa ukujula kufanele sigcwaliswe kuphela kusuka frost futhi ngezinto eziqinile.

ukukhubazeka zobuchwepheshe

Lo mkhuba oyingozi kakhulu kungaholela ukusetshenziswa engalungile ubuchwepheshe kudivayisi egandayiwe ezibhekwa ezibhodloziwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kukhona ingozi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe kudala lonke ukushuba okubonakalisa abukhali iphrofayli ukuhlanekezela design. izinqubo Ngaphansi esiyingozi uyaxebuka futhi igawula, ephakamisa umonakalo ebusweni ngenxa flaking kanye nokulahlekelwa izakhi esibophezelayo izinhlayiya ngabanye ukugcwaliswa amaminerali. amaphutha Evamile ejwayelekile Estakiwe isakhiwo zokuhamba ingase futhi avuse kumiswa imigodi kanye amashifu. ekujuleni Ukwakhiwa evulekile kuphumela inhlabathi ukuxoshwa kwamanzi, okwenza enamathela engafanele ukusetshenziswa.

isiphetho

Eminyakeni yamuva, izindawo zokuhamba kudivayisi ubuchwepheshe ziye zashintsha kancane. Ukwethulwa umkhakha izixazululo ezintsha ezithinta ngokuyinhloko bokusebenza ngesimo ukuvela imishini yanamuhla, amathuluzi kanye nemishini ukulungiswa kanye nokupakisha izingqimba ezahlukene. Izinto the efanayo zazo wahlela onqenqemeni lomgwaqo enkabeni imigwaqo yedolobha, zinjalo. ezinengilazi Isekelwe futhi siqukethe ngokugcwalisa usimende, isihlabathi futhi amatshe kanye binders. Yiqiniso, abaningi zenziwa futhi entsha izingxenye Ukuguqula kanye izithasiselo, kodwa uhlamvu iphuzu-like ukwanda izakhiwo tekusebenta futhi akusho ngokuphelele ukushintsha izici imiklamo ejwayelekile.