Eziwukudla: izibonelo. Njenganoma eziwukudla?

Izilwane zalapha cishe akukho eziphilayo ukuthi ngeke sidliwe nezinye izidalwa noma kungabi kunoma ubani ukudla. Ngakho, izitshalo zidla izinambuzane eziningi. Izinambuzane ngokwabo impango izidalwa emikhulu. Labo noma nezinye izinto eziphilayo lasi zazo kwakheka eziwukudla. Izibonelo ezinjalo "ukuncika" zingatholakala kuyo yonke indawo. Ngakho kule isakhiwo, kukhona noma iyiphi inkomba ezingeni lokuqala. Njengomthetho, kuba ezitshalweni eziluhlaza. Yiziphi ezinye izibonelo zokudla ukunikezela izifunda? Yikuphi eziphilayo zingaba izixhumanisi? Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi kube khona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabo? Mayelana nalesi kamuva esihlokweni.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Eziwukudla, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa ngezansi, kuba iqoqo ezithile ezincane, isikhunta, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. isixhumanisi ngamunye ezingeni lalo. Sakha lo "kwencika" isimiso "ukudla - umthengi". Phezulu amaketanga eziningi ukudla uyindoda. Kweyodwa izwe noma kwenye ukwanda kwabantu ephakeme, amayunithi amancane izobe iqukethwe ukulandelana bomdabu, njengoba abantu ziphoqelelwa mibandela abantu abathile zivame ukudla izitshalo.

Inombolo amazinga

kube eziwukudla kungaba isikhathi esingakanani? Izibonelo tiered kukhona ukulandelana ezahlukene. ukwambulwa kakhulu lokhu okulandelayo: ngaphakathi emzimbeni isibungu samanje yisinanakazana fly izibungu kuzo - nematodes (worms), e-worm, ngokulandelana, ama-bacterium, kahle kuzo - ezihlukahlukene amagciwane. Kodwa i isibalo esingapheliyo izixhumanisi akukwazi. Njalo ezingeni elilandelayo kukhona ukwehla biomass zamashumi eziningana izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-moose izitshalo 1000 kg kungaba "ukudala" bayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi kilogram of emzimbeni wakho. Kodwa ihlosi ukwandisa isisindo 10 kg 100 kg kudingeka amaphiva. Isibalo amayunithi incike izimo kwakhiwa eyodwa noma nezinye uchungechunge ukudla isilwane okuyinto. Izibonelo zalezi zinhlelo kungabonakala nemvelo. Ngakho, amaxoxo Uyi iwukudla okuyintandokazi ezinye zezinyoka, okuyinto yena, zidla izilwane ezidla ezinye. Njengomthetho, a "ukulandelana" ezinjalo amayunithi hhayi ngaphezulu kuka ezintathu noma ezine. Lokhu "isakhiwo" ubizwa nangokuthi mbhoshongo semvelo. Kuyo, isigaba ngasinye esilandelayo lincane kakhulu kwalowo odlule.

Kukanjani ukuxhumana ngaphakathi imvelo nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe?

Kanjani eziwukudla? Izibonelo ngenhla abonisa ukuthi ngamunye isixhumanisi lempumelelo kumele ibe sezingeni eliphakeme yentuthuko kwalowo odlule. Njengoba sekushiwo, ubudlelwane kunoma iyiphi imibhoshongo emvelweni yayakhiwa isimiso 'ukudla ama-umthengi ". Ngenxa ukudla phakathi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo kwenziwe ukudluliswa amandla kusuka aphansi emazingeni aphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, usakazwa ngamakhophi izinto ngokwemvelo.

Eziwukudla. izibonelo

Evamile, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana imibhoshongo semvelo. Kukhona, e ziklabe ukudla ikakhulukazi chain. Izibonelo kungabonakala imvelo, kukhona ukulandelana lapho ukudluliswa amandla kwenzeka kusukela aphansi (elula) ukuze eziphilayo ephakeme (izilwane ezidla ezinye). Le mibhoshongo, ngokukhethekile, faka ukulandelana elandelayo: ". Igundane izilwane ezidla ezinye" "isibungu igundane enesihlungu-urchin-impungushe", Enye eziwukudla detrital, izibonelo zazo uzonikezwa lapha, ukulandelana lapho biomass alisetshenziswa ngu ezizingelayo, futhi elibi kuthatha inqubo indawo ezihilela nezilwanyana ezincane. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu mbhoshongo emvelweni iqala izitshalo. Ngakho, ngokukhethekile, kubukeka eziwukudla yehlathi. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo: "amahlamvu ukubola-bawa ezihilela nezilwanyana ezincane", "efile izicubu izitshalo, isikhunta millipede-indle-isikhunta nogohvostiki izibungu (izilwane ezidla ezinye) -hischniki-millipede-bacterium".

Abakhiqizi futhi abathengi

Ngo neqembu elikhulu kakhulu amanzi (ocean, ulwandle) planktonic ulwelwe unicellular kukhona ukudla cladocerans (isihlungi esebenza ngogesi izilwane). Nazo ngokufanayo, kukhona inyamazane ezidla ezinye singenazo izibungu zomiyane. La magciwane adla uhlobo oluthile izinhlanzi. Zidla on ngabanye okuzingela emikhulu. Lokhu mbhoshongo emvelweni - isibonelo Sea eziwukudla. Zonke izinto eziphilayo njengemigoqo izixhumanisi, ashiyashiyanayo ngamazinga trophic. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala kukhona abakhiqizi, olandelayo - consuments oda wokuqala (abathengi). Esesithathu trophic ezingeni abathengi oda 2nd (carnivores okuyinhloko). Nazo ngokufanayo, ngukudla ezidla ezinye yesibili - third-oda abathengi, nokunye. Njengomthetho, iphiramidi umhlaba kwemvelo zihlanganisa amayunithi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu.

echibini ongaphandle

Ukuze eshalofini ulwandle, endaweni lapho emthambekeni nezwekazi ucishe zisuka emoyeni ziqonde ekufezeni ezijulile ulwandle ethafeni kuvela yolwandle oluvulekile. Kulesi zone, okungcono okwesibhakabhaka kanye nasemanzini. Lokhu kungenxa ukungabi khona okwesikhashana compounds wezinto ezingaphili futhi umthamo encane planktonic izitshalo ezincane kanye nezilwane (phytoplankton futhi zooplankton). Kwezinye izindawo, ebusweni amanzi kunoma yimuphi umbala ephawuleka bright blue. Ngokwesibonelo, oLwandle Sargasso. Ezimweni ezinjalo sikhuluma okubizwa ngokuthi ulwandle ezingwadule. Kulezi zindawo, ngisho nalapho ezinkulungwane amamitha usebenzisa empahleni ebucayi ukujula kungathola iminonjana ukukhanya (e bohlu oluluhlaza). Vula ulwandle esivela sokungabi nhlobo zooplankton izibungu ezahlukene benthic eziphilayo (echinoderms, molluscs, ezinamagobolondo), ogama inombolo njengoba ibanga ukusuka ogwini lehla kakhulu. Njengoba emanzini angajulile, kanye expanses enkulu kwelanga izenzo kunguye yedwa umthombo wamandla. Ngenxa yalokho, i-phytoplankton-photosynthesis usebenzisa i-chlorophyll ukwakha organic compounds kusuka carbon dioxide futhi amanzi. Ngakho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama imikhiqizo eyinhloko.

Sea izixhumanisi eziwukudla

ulwelwe kwemiqondo organic compounds zidluliselwa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile bonke eziphilayo. Isixhumanisi yesibili eziwukudla nezilwane yasolwandle isihlungi esebenza ngogesi. Eziphilayo, izingxenye phytoplankton ifa Ubukhulu microscopically ezincane (0.002-1mm). Bavame beyokwakha amakoloni, kodwa ubheka ubungako bawo ingeqi amamilimitha angu ezinhlanu. Isixhumanisi third carnivores. Badla isihlungi esebenza ngogesi. Esikhathini sogu lolwandle, kanye olwandle, la magciwane eziningi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, siphonophores, ikamu jelly, jellyfish, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Phakathi izinhlanzi ukuhlunga esebenza ngogesi kuzomele sifake herring. Ukudla kwabo eziyinhloko copepods ukwakha emanzini esenyakatho Clumps ezinkulu. I element wesine kubhekwe ezidla izinhlanzi ezinkulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo sinokubaluleka kwezohwebo. Ukuze isixhumanisi yokugcina kufanele kubandakanye cephalopods, imikhomo toothed nezinyoni zasolwandle.

ezokuthutha izakhi

Dlulisa organic compounds e eziwukudla kuhambisana abalulekile amandla ukulahlekelwa. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi iningi ke ichithwa umzimba. Mayelana 10% wamandla is iguqulwe emzimbeni we ketshezi umzimba. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, anchovy, ukudla ulwelwe planktonic futhi kungokwalabo isakhiwo esifushane kuphela eziwukudla, ingaqala amaningi kangaka, njengoba kwenzeka ku-Peru zamanje. Dlulisa ukudla kule ndawo kuhwelela, ukujula zokukhanya kungenxa efuduka mpo esebenzayo ye zooplankton nezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi. Ukuhambisa benyuka izilwane ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kukhona ekujuleni ezahlukene.

isiphetho

Kumele kuthiwe komugqa eziwukudla abasakwazi ezingavamile. Ngo imibhoshongo eziningi zemvelo zihlanganisa labantu okuqondene amazinga amaningi. Zohlobo olulodwa edliwayo futhi izitshalo nezilwane; carnivores abathengi kungenziwa olunikezwe kuqala, futhi eyesibili kanye oda ephakeme; izilwane eziningi kudle abaphilayo eziphilayo efile. Ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi isixhumanisi uxhumano, ukulahlekelwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngokuvamile nhlobo nomthelela isimo semvelo. Labo eziphilayo wathatha isixhumanisi ukugqashuka e ukudla ungase umthole omunye umthombo ukudla, futhi ukudla wanyamalala abaphathi usisebenzise ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngakho wonke umphakathi ugcina ibhalansi. • Inhlalo engenayo inxushunxushu kuyoba isimiso semvelo lapho kukhona ukudla eziyinkimbinkimbi uchungechunge, ehlanganisa nenani elikhulu lezixhumanisi, kuhlanganise sebuningini zinhlobo ezahlukene.