Externalities emnothweni nomthethonqubo zabo

Namuhla uhlanganyela ngentshiseko ekuthuthukiseni umnotho emakethe Russian Federation. Market - lena sphere elikhethekile lapho ubudlelwane ukuhweba Kwakhiwa phakathi nabathengisi futhi abathengi. Externalities emnothweni emakethe zidlala indima ebalulekile. Ubudlelwano obuphakathi abakhiqizi futhi abasebenzisi bokugcina esekelwe indlela endlalekile of isignali intengo.

Yiziphi externalities?

Umnotho - iqoqo ubudlelwano ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ekukhiqizeni, ukusatshalaliswa futhi umthengi izinhlelo. Externalities emnothweni - kuba umphumela ejenti ethile, oyikhathalelayo inhlalakahle yabantu eRussia, ngakho ulawula umsebenzi abakhiqizi. Yonke imikhiqizo kumele kube imvelo futhi akhiwe ngokuhambisana namazinga isimo.

Lapho externalities ezimbi umuntu wesithathu, owayebizwa azisetshenziswa kuthengiselana, kuzoveza ukulahlekelwa okuthile. Lokhu akuhlanganisi abathengi kanye nabathengisi. Positive imiphumela yangaphandle - ukuthola izinzuzo yizinkampani zangaphandle. Inani nokubaluleka emakethe kukhona okungcono abathwali Imininingwane emkhakheni emakethe umnotho. Ngakho, abahlanganyeli emakethe bazokwazi ukuthola isignali efanele futhi aqhube kwemizamo ehlelekile. Uma kukhona nomphumela ongemuhle izimpahla noma amasevisi ukuhweba nomsebenzi ngeke ulethe imali elindelekile, nokubaluleka kwayo Imininingwane akubonisi izithakazelo ngamunye owayekhona. Kulokhu, lo yakhoibrium emakethe ngeke elilungile.

Isenzo externalities engemihle futhi omuhle

Ukuze ukuhlola kahle ithonya okungenzeka umphumela zangaphandle samanje emakethe yakhoibrium, kubalulekile ukwenza isimiso esiqondile ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Demand - ukuzimisela umthengi sika ukukhokhela izindleko izimpahla noma amasevisi. Yena angakhetha ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha ukwanelisa yabo isithakazelo umthengi. Ngakho, ukubonisa zonke izinzuzo yangasese onganakiwe.

Ngenxa inzuzo nabathengisi babe ithuba lokucabangisisa zonke izindleko sokuba ukuhlaziywa inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Externalities emnothweni emakethe neqhaza kwencazelo izithakazelo engabhalisiwe besithathu, othiwa ngaphandle.

Indima emibi zangaphandle ekukhiqizweni

ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuyingozi empilweni yomuntu. Futhi okokuqala kwezithelo zonke waphawula umthelela i umkhakha ezifana emnothweni. A externality ezimbi wukuthi iningi elikhulu izitshalo zezimboni izono ukuchithela amanzi angcolile emifuleni eseduze. It is adedelwa emkhathini we izinto eziyingozi ezifana-carbon dioxide. Ubulwelwe ku imvelo kanye nomthelela ongemuhle empilweni yabantu. Ngenxa kulezi zinkanyezi kakhulu ilimaza izithakazelo zabo. Izakhamuzi emadolobheni nasemadolobheni amancane angeke ageze emanzini emfuleni noma umoya ohlanzekile. Ngesikhathi kuvubukulwa amasayithi bane nabafayo izinhlanzi emanzini. Zonke lezi zici kanye nemiphumela kungukuthi emananini yokugcina umkhiqizo, okuyinto oluqanjwe izitshalo.

Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba banakekele hhayi kuphela mayelana izinga imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa, kodwa futhi ukuqapha izindawo zethu zihlanzekile. Emission izidakamizwa eziyingozi emkhathini namanzi akuhileli nemiphumela enqala.

Umqondo externalities ezweni lanamuhla

Namuhla, ebuhlotsheni emakethe kungabonakala ukuxhumana okuqondile futhi unmediated, okuyinto kusikisela imiphumela ye-ejenti ukusebenza omunye. Lena imiphumela zangaphandle emnothweni. Kufanele kuqashelwe uma imiphumela enjalo kungaba kungenkathi evumayo noma okungekuhle.

imiphumela sangaphandle waqala acabangele ngoba wonke umuntu ofuna ukuphila endaweni ehlanzekile. Izakhamuzi ufuna abakhiqizi kanye nezimboni ezinkulu ngaphansi kolawulo, ngoba kwekhabhoni ungaba nethonya elibi endleleni isimo jikelele abanye abantu.

Externalities emnothweni ingaqala phakathi kwabathengi kanye abakhiqizi kwezimpahla. Isibonelo umphumela omuhle - kuwukwenza Ingaphandle zezakhiwo ukuze abe ukubukeka uzilungise futhi ekhangayo. Abedlula abantu bazokwazi ubunyoninco olungaphambili lwesonto kanye Ungakhathazeki ukuthi e labhidlika. Umphumela ongemuhle ukuthi ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza of the izimpahla kuthatha ukungcola endaweni.

WokuLawula imiphumela yangaphandle

Kwezinye izimo, ekhona izindlela emakethe unganikezi izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuba enomqondo zasitshekelwa zonke izidingo. Kunezimo phakathi nomthengisi, umthengi kanye umkhiqizi, okuyinto abhekwa ukwehluleka noma ezikweletini. Kulokhu, emakethe akakwazi ukubhekana yonke imisebenzi yalo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, hhayi enikeziwe ngokugcwele ekukhiqizeni ezinhle. imiphumela yangaphakathi umnotho nomthethonqubo yabo Kwenziwa esebenzisa kokuhlaziya.

Ochwepheshe cabanga umthelela izinguquko izintengo zonke izindawo emakethe yomsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uphakamise izwi izinkomba isitini ekhiqizwa kungathinta kakhulu ukwenza ukhonkolo kanye inzuzo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu-ke kubalulekile ukuba sihlale njalo siqaphele imiphumela yemisebenzi yabo siqu. A lebhizinisi kumele akulimazi namanye amabhizinisi kanye abathengi.

Imali imiphumela yangaphandle

Ukwehla inzuzo emakethe singenzeka esimweni lapho akukho mali ngoba externalities. Inkokhelo akwenziwa uma emakethe angenato tinsita ethize noma izinzuzo eziye zaholela ukuqaliswa umthombo zangaphandle.

A indima enkulu futhi ebalulekile eyadlalwa Imali externalities emnothweni. Izibonelo ezahlukene, kuya ngokuthi isimo. Uma ukukhiqizwa ifektri iphepha isebenzisa esingenamkhawulo ukuthi amanzi emfuleni, abaphathi akudingeki uyithenga. Umphumela wokugcina akwenziwa lokukhokha ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhamuzi zendawo edolobheni, abadobi noma kubantu ababhukudayo awunakukwazi ukusebenzisa emfuleni izinjongo zabo. Kulokhu, amanzi emfuleni kuba kuphela, ukuwusebenzisa ngoba ayinaye umnikazi, futhi kumelwe ukufinyelela mahhala kubo bonke. Kodwa ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa ifektri ukwenziwa iphepha akusho ikhumbule zonke imiphumela zangaphandle ezivela ukukhululwa kwezimpahla waziphatha ivolumu ayizwakali.

Coase theorem

Inkinga externalities emnothweni kuyindlela lukaKhisimusi izixazululo olwengeziwe. Economist American kanye isishoshovu uRonald Kouz ngo-1991 wathola isihloko kaNobel. Wabhala incwadi isihloko esithi "Inkinga izindleko ezinkulu ezingokwenhlalo". Kwakuthinta ngokucacile le nkinga ye externalities, ezihlobene kokubili abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi.

I emibi zangaphandle ezimweni eziningi kwenzeka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umncintiswano phakathi kwezinhlangano, okuyinto ukusebenzisa izinto zemvelo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho isihloko ngasinye akukho ilungelo lokusebenzisa umthombo zemvelo. KaNobel futhi Economist uRonald Kouz baphetha ngokuthi iyiphi imiphumela zangaphandle kungenziwa sesiwati esebenzisa indlela yokuphepha amalungelo endawo ukuze izinto eziqondile. Exchange kobunikazi amalungelo inqubo kungaba kwenziwe esimweni lapho bengenayo kuhilelani enkulu izindleko kuthengiselana. Ngalesi indlela kuhilela zonke izici ubudlelwano, ukuthola isixazululo ngempumelelo.

Izici Coase Theorem

hlinzeka eziningana ezinkulu yilezi:

• emkhatsini lamacele izindleko inkontileka kumele kube ongaphakeme. Okungukuthi nani akubi isithiyo esikhulu ukuze injongo ethile yesivumelwano. Lezi imiphumela emibi, okuyinto kusikisela ukuvela lokungcoliswa komoya, empilweni jikelele futhi impilo yezakhamuzi. Yingakho kubalulekile abahlanganyeli ukuvumelana nomunye futhi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga.
• Usebenza theorem Coase kungaba ukuthi uma wonke umnikazi webhizinisi unekhono ukuhlonza zonke izimbangela umonakalo babangela ukuba abantu abaseduze kwabo. Usomabhizinisi kumele kulungiswe umonakalo ku abo futhi ngokomthetho, kanye yonke imiphumela. Lapho ilungelo ezihlanza umoya zemukeliswe ngokomthetho, kuba nzima ukunquma, ogama ukukhiqiza imisebenzi ezephula isivumelwano. Externalities emnothweni Russian kuzosiza osomabhizinisi ugweme imbobo-ozone kanye nemvula ene-asidi emkhathini.

Internalization umphumela yangaphandle

Ukuze wenze osomabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano ibhizinisi ukuqapha zonke kwekhabhoni emkhathini, udinga internalize yonke imiphumela zangaphandle. Internalization ukuhlanganiswa ngokugcwele ngokuphelele kubo bonke ababambiqhaza.

Namuhla kukhona enye indlela evamile esisiza usomabhizinisi ukulandela indawo ihlanzekile. Isimo samanje ingashintshwa kule nomthetho, ukuba amafemu kanye nezinkampani ukukhokha zonke izindleko ukuthi ziyadingeka ukubuyisela ubumsulwa nemvelo.

intela Iyalungisa sabelwe nqwaba yomkhiqizo release, okuvumela ukuba silinganisele kuzo zonke umkhawulo izindleko zenhlalo yangasese ngalinye. Ngakho, singenza usomabhizinisi sengqondo okufanele zonke izindleko zangaphandle.