Cosmology - a ... legatsha yezinkanyezi ukuthi etadisha izakhiwo kanye kwemvelo yonke

Astronomy - isayensi nakuba ukuthi esintwini wadala sengathi naphezu yena. Sisenza sikwazi nge kokuma izibalo ngokoqobo nsuku zonke ukwenza zonke izinto ezintsha, futhi benza sibone ukuthi asazi lutho olutheni ngamazulu nomhlaba, izinkanyezi ngisho amaplanethi esiseduzane yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga. Namuhla, kunezindawo ezihlukahlukene ukufunda izinkanyezi, phakathi okuyinto ayinhloko yilezi ezilandelayo: Galactic kanye astronomy extragalactic, i-physics, izinkanyezi, isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, exobiology, astrochemistry futhi Cosmology. ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe kwaba isayensi zakamuva, thina manje ujike.

okusho

Emongweni yesayensi Cosmology - isayensi cwaningo emikhulu universe. isisekelo sayo kuwumbono eziyisisekelo kanye namafomula yezinkanyezi, i-physics kanye mathematics. Ikakhulu phakathi kohlaka isayensi sifundwa ukwakheka kwendawo yonke, oyiyo, ubudala kanye kwemvelo kusukela buqala. Ngo ibanda umuzwa Cosmology - isilinganiso kokuma yezinkanyezi, etholwe izikhathi ezihlukene, futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwezinto, okwakunginika emhlabeni u-Albert Einstein. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa le ukutholakala ongokoqobo wasesigodini esingaphandle kwekhulu lama-20 Cosmology kwekhulu baba isayensi ehlukile, enembile, okusekelwe amafomula izibalo. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo lalibhekwa uhlobo ingxenye esikhashana wefilosofi, futhi ngenxa yokuthi izwe alizange beqonda sina.

izikole ezimbili - owodwa ithiyori

Manje Cosmology njengoba isayensi ke lahlukaniswa laba amagatsha amabili, kanye ososayensi abangekho nabameleli bayo. Empiricists ekuqhubeni umsebenzi walo ngenxa nje yokuthi kugcinwa ezisemkhathini ndaba. Ayenze onobuhle ezahlukene kuyizinto eMhlabeni, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi noma yini umphumela, kukude ngokoqobo. Theorists, kunalokho, kukhona izibalo, ngemiphumela yocwaningo ahlukahlukene. Ngesisekelo umsebenzi wabo angase alale othile isakhiwo imodeli isikhala ingxenye, a black hole noma ezinye izinto. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi Cosmology - isayensi study yonke, futhi ngendlela yokuhlakanipha, futhi inkolelo-mbono. Womabili la maqembu eselineminyaka umqondo jikelele - Big Bang Theory. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, isikhala yonke futhi isikhathi livela kanye ndaba kushisa kakhulu futhi obukhulu. Ngokungafani ke kukhona yesibili, kancane odumile, kodwa olungenayo incazelo theory. Uthi yonke - iyunithi unomphela, esesikhundleni nasiphetho, noma ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwe-ekwindla.

Idatha lapho isayensi

Kukhona zimiso eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo yonke, ezisetshenziswa Cosmology:

• Lesikhala isotropic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izinto emkhathini - amaplanethi asteroyidi nemithala futhi izimbobo omnyama - ukuhambisa ngezinga elingafani, aphume ngendlela ethile, futhi Cosmology izifundo ngokunembile lokhu ukunyakaza. Kwezinye izindawo bakwazi ithola bese yakha uhlanekezelwe isikhala esifundeni, ingcindezi kanye lokushisa. Kwezinye, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuba ukudamba, rarefying isikhala ubuncane.
• ukunwetshwa njalo imingcele. Ikakhulu Cosmology study kwemvelo yonke, futhi le nqubo, singasho, okwenzeka siyibhekile. Zonke izinto emkhathini, futhi imithala ethile lihamba kude nomunye. Kukhula ongakhetha zabo, ngokushesha lo ukwanda yebanga.
• Isikhala ozungeze iplanethi yethu, futhi isotropic. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi Earth, kanye orbit - indima abavamile umkhathi ngendlela isakhiwo iyokwehluka kancane kusuka, bathi, ezindaweni eduze iplanethi Kepler-36B.
• Ngokwe-theory Big Bang, le engu-Earth, zonke asteroyidi, izinkanyezi, imithala yonke uqobo mayelana efanayo. Ukuvela ndaba, abacwaningi egxilile ekhulwini iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane-20 ubudala, ngesikhathi izinkanyezi endala yaba yiminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 15 edlule. Lapho isibalo esikhulu usiholela abavubukuli, ngubani bambe up amathambo ezihuquzelayo giant. Ngokusho la idatha, kuvela ukuthi Umhlaba uvele ngaphambi kwe-yonke into ekuyo yonke. Empeleni, ososayensi baye eside phansi kwemigomo ibanga phakathi imithala. Okuningi izilinganiso lwamuva nje lubonisa ukuthi yonke akupheli ngokuya Isikhala ngokuya kwesikhathi.
• Secrets of the Universe, okuyinto makhulu sisekelwe izinhlayiya zayo kencanikhulu - ama-athomu. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, iyiphi isikhala nsé esigabeni sangaphambilini isakhiwo, lapho abacwaningi bakwazi ukubala. Ngesikhathi ama-athomu ye-hydrogen 10 Kufanele kusebenze isinqumo esisodwa helium athomu.
• Iqiniso lokuthi, kunalokho, kuqinisekisa ngokunemba imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukunwetshwa unomphela yonke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kude kakhulu kusukela SS quasars okuningi, abaphila ukuphila ngaphezulu asebenzayo.

Imodeli Cosmological wendawo yonke

Umlando omfishane of umkhathi owawusekelwe edumile Big Bang theory. Wazalelwa sibonga theory ka-Einstein ye jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto, owawungumnyaka ngesisekelo izazi zezinkanyezi ezenzekayo ezimise imodeli sendaba uyanda. Le nguqulo kuqinisekisiwe ngemva usosayensi Hubble juxtaposed ibanga phakathi imithala ijubane ngazo ungasuki nomunye. Isiqinisekiso yesithathu kulandele G. Gamow, owathola le cosmic emisebeni microwave ngemuva. Lona ngumkhuba isizinda atholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi yonke futhi kufana "echo" we yobudala ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu.

lokushisa Incredible Bang

Ikhodi uzama achazele izingane zakhe ukuthi kwavela yonke, ethi ayekade kusaba kunophizi, kodwa kwaba ukusebenza engacabangeki kanye lokushisa nokucindezelwa kuwo. Eqinisweni, umlando emfushane yonke akuyona ezahlukene okuningi kulo imodeli ithoyizi. Ubudala zezwe lethu ezizungezile kulingana eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Iminyaka. Ngesikhathi lapho yonke kwaba iphuzu kuphela, ingcindezi therein kwaba 10 ^{kuya kwangu-90} kg / cm ^3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, amandla adonsela phansi sekukhona. By the way, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi elithi akuyona into ehlukile noma ekhethekile. Gravity - lena ukuhlanekezela isikhala, okuyinto ngenxa kwabantu ndaba. Lokhu kuchaza Iqiniso lokuthi imizimba okuqinile cosmic emkhathini eduze (siqala sakugcina), kanye negesi izikhungo kanye izinkanyezi akudingeki kulo mkhakha. Ngakho, sekungamakhulu eminyaka yonke enwetshiwe, ukwakha ethize ensimini okudonsa izinto.

izinkinga of Cosmology

Ngokusekelwe umqondo Big Bang sekwakhiwe futhi onobuhle ehlukile ngokoqobo, okuyinto, isimiso, akukho okubi kakhulu ukwedlula eziyisisekelo. Ingqikithi lengxabano itholakala lokuthi ukuthi Singularity isikhala ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, kuyinto isotropic kule - theory ukuthi kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngesisekelo isifundo se-SS. Ngaphandle uzungeza amaplanethi sekusaziwa yithi izimo okuhluke kakhulu ekungafanele kube isotropic. Ososayensi baye esephetha ngesisekelo izinkinga ezintathu Cosmology, okuyinto kuze kube manje awukwazi ingaxazululwa, kodwa ukunikeza sicabangisise okwengeziwe nocwaningo. Ngezansi, thina iyohlola ngokuningiliziwe.

isimo Singularity

Kuyinto isimo ongenakuthintwa okukholelwa ngabaningi ngokuba esivela ndaba yaqala ekuqaleni kungase nje yesayensi. inhlanganiso Incredible, ukuhlanekezela space kanye nesikhathi, okushisa zicatshangwe - konke ebalwa izimo eliwumhlaba ephepheni, kodwa ngisho miniature ucwaningo ezifana kuhlulekile. Ngenxa yokuthi le nkinga eyinhloko Cosmology - ayenqaba le Singularity zezwe ngesikhathi liqala. Cishe, kuqalwa khona isimo ezahlukene ndaba.

Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela isotropy

Theorists bakholelwa ukuthi sonke isikhala isikhala eyohlobo, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho okubonisa ukuthi akusiyo. Hlola ekujuleni yonke show ukuthi endaweni eyodwa kukhona cluster Amazing zemithala kwenye isikhala esingenalutho. Yiqiniso, kwabantu ndaba kuzo zombili endaweni isikhala kungase kungabi okufanayo. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi i-Universe lena iyona anisotropic, futhi yawo yamakhemikhali Ukwakheka akufani yonke indawo.

isikhala elivaliwe noma evulekile?

Manje abacwaningi izimfihlo wamanga yonke ezingxenyeni zalo ezincane, okuyinto kufanele unqume umphumela. It ibalwa kwabantu isilinganiso ndaba, futhi uma ngenxa ngeke idlule izinga ezibucayi, isikhala uzobe onomfutho, futhi esikhundleni sizoba ukuqhuma ukotini. Uma kwabantu ingaphansi kwe-Izinga yomngcele ke yonke sizonwebisa unomphela, futhi ukukala isikhala yayo, ivolumu, futhi isikhathi kumane kuyisiqalo nje ngiyaphupha.

Enye imodeli ngemvelaphi kanye kwemvelo of the Universe

Cosmology Scientific - endaweni yolwazi lapho ngokoqobo nsuku zonke izinto ezintsha zenziwa, imibono ikhiqizwa, ngamunye okuyinto ozwakalayo futhi ubhekane namaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona umqondo Bang eyaziwa okuthiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela asymmetry noma ukuxhumana ngezinto antimatter. Kukholakala ukuthi cosmic emisebeni microwave isizinda emkhathini njalo ukuzalwa futhi uyaqhubeka ukuvela ngenxa nokuxhumana ndaba futhi antimatter. Lezi izinto ezimbili ayiwona neze ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo emkhathini. Sendaba imayelana esikwaziyo. Antimatter ukhona kuphela abantu izibalo. Kungenze ukukholelwa ukuthi esikhathini eziyishumi imizuzwana yokuqala khona kwezwe kwakukhona ukuhluleka wesimethri, lapho antiparticles babe eziyivelakancane, kunalapho izinhlayiya, futhi isizathu asaziwa.

Afterword

Cosmology - endaweni yolwazi ukuthi ufunda yonke. Lokhu isayensi senkolelo-mbono ngokunengqondo ukuchaza izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene endaweni yonke, ukuze bathethelele lokhu noma lokhuya ukunyakaza zemithala nezinkanyezi.