Chloroplast - eliluhlaza iseli organelle

Chloroplast - lokhu ingenye unomphela cell organelles. It lucwaningo inqubo ebalulekile ukubaluleka amaplanethi - photosynthesis.

Isakhiwo jikelele organelles uhlelo dvuhmembrannyh

organelle ngasinye siqukethe kungaphefumuli surface kanye okuqukethwe yangaphakathi. Chloroplast futhi mitochondria olusungulwe weseli prokaryotic - eziphilayo ne-nucleus. Ingaphezulu lezi organelles apharathasi siqukethe ulwelwesi amabili ahlukaniswe ngesikhala. Spatially futhi anatomically kungukuthi exhumene kwezinye izingxenye zesakhiwo kwamangqamuzana futhi bahileleke amandla umzimba. Mitochondria kukhona organelles kwezinhlobo eziningi isikhunta, izitshalo nezilwane. Bakhonza ngoba ATP zamagama - into uhlobo amandla reserve amaseli. Chloroplast - liphinde dvuhmembrannaya organelle elingelakwaJuda iqembu plastids.

A ezihlukahlukene plastid

Ngo amaseli eziphilayo kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ka plastids. Kuyinto chloroplast, chromoplasts futhi leucoplasts. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngombala, izici kwesakhiwo nemisebenzi. Chloroplast - a plastid oluhlaza, equkethe chlorophyll. Nakuba ngokuvamile kuba ngenxa yokuba khona ezinye udayi, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo nsundu, futhi abomvu. Ngokwesibonelo, e ahlukahlukene iseli ulwelwe. Kanyekanye chromoplasts njalo kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko - iyona isitoreji izakhamzimba. Ngakho, ngo-amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa aqukethe isitashi. Chromoplasts - plastids likuthola zombala carotenoid. Batinikela umbala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene simila. izimpande egqamile izaqathe kanye beet, emacembeni ezimbali ezintekenteke Uyi ngesibonelo esiphawulekayo lokhu.

Plastids kungenziwa siguqulwe. Ekuqaleni bona bavele amaseli izicubu zemfundo okuyizinto vesicles amancane azungezwe ulwelwesi ezimbili. Ephambi kwezinduna amandla elanga aguqulwa ku chloroplast. Nge yokuguga, amaqabunga neziqu chlorophyll siqala ukubhodloza phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, plastids oluhlaza siguqulelwa chromoplasts.

Asiphumele izibonelo ezimbalwa. Wonke umuntu wabona ukuthi autumn ishiya ushintsho umbala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-chloroplast siguqulelwa obomvu, ophuzi, bardovye plastids. Ukuguqulwa Kwenzeka okufanayo ngesikhathi izithelo yokuvuthwa. Ekukhanyeni amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa luhlaza: e leucoplasts uqala ukwakha i-chlorophyll. Isigaba sokugcina yentuthuko plastids kukhona chromoplasts njengoba musa yakha nezinye izinhlobo izakhiwo efanayo.

Yiziphi zombala?

Umbala, umsebenzi begodu nesakhiwo chloroplast ngenxa yokuba khona izinto ezithile - zombala. Ngokwemvelo zingabantu organic compounds, umbala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene simila. Chlorophylls kuyizinto ezivamile wabo. Atholakala amaseli ulwelwe nezitshalo ephakeme. Emvelweni, carotenoid nazo ngokuvamile atholakala. Basuke etholakala ezintweni eziphilayo kunazo owaziwa. Ikakhulukazi, bonke izitshalo, izinhlobo ezithile ezincane, izinambuzane, inhlanzi kanye nezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anika umbala kwemitimba yabohulumende, carotenoid kuyizinto eziyinhloko zombala ezibukwayo, ukuhlinzeka bezibona ezibukwayo nombala.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi

Plant chloroplast abe ulwelwesi double. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ngaphandle bushelelezi. A yangaphakathi amafomu excrescences. Baqondiselwa ku okuqukethwe chloroplast, ebizwa ngokuthi stroma. Kusukela kwangaphakathi ulwelwesi izakhiwo beboshiwe futhi ekhethekile - thylakoids. Ngokubukeka, zingabantu flat odnomembrannye ethangini. Bona zingafakwa singly noma ababebuthene kushe 5-20 izicucu. Zibizwa ngokuthi grana. Ngokufanele kutakhiwo zombala thylakoid. Khona-ke abakhululiwe emikhulu chlorophylls kanye carotenoid enze indima esekelayo. Ziyakwazi ezidingekile-photosynthesis. I stroma iqukethe molecule ye-DNA kanye RNA, corn isitashi kanye ribosome.

Imisebenzi ye-chloroplast

Umsebenzi oyinhloko plastids oluhlaza - zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo kusuka wezinto ezingaphili ngenxa yamandla okukhanya. umkhiqizo wayo polysaccharide glucose ne-oksijini. Ngaphandle lesi sivivinyo igesi ukuphefumula kuzo zonke izidalwa Emhlabeni ngeke kwenzeke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-photosynthesis kuyinqubo eyayibaluleke kakhulu olubaluleke kwamaplanethi.

Isakhiwo chloroplast imiphumela kwezinye imisebenzi yayo. On ulwelwesi we plastid kwenzeka ATP zamagama. Inani lale nqubo itholakala ekuqongeleleni kanye yokugcina ethile namandla. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi okuvela izimo ezikahle kwemvelo: khona amanzi anele, solar energy ukudla. Phakathi izinqubo ezibalulekile kulezi ATP is wajinge wanamatsela ukukhulula ethile namandla. It is idliwe ngesikhathi ukuqaliswa ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa, ukunyakaza, imifanekiso, kanye nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile. imisebenzi chloroplast nakho yokuthi lipids kwamanye ala plastids kuthiwa kwemiqondo, amaphrotheni ulwelwesi kanye enzyme ehilelekile-photosynthesis.

okusho photosynthesis

Chloroplast - isixhumanisi phakathi nezitshalo imvelo. Ngenxa yalokho-photosynthesis kwenzeka hhayi kuphela kumiswa umoya-mpilo, kodwa umjikelezo carbon emvelweni, i-hydrogen, ukugcina Ukwakheka njalo umkhathi. Le nqubo kukhawulela lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide, avimbele Isivuvu, okweqile bomhlaba, futhi ukufa kwabaningi eziphilayo izidalwa emhlabeni. Plastids chloroplast, okuyizinto organelles lamaseli afeze imisebenzi ebalulekile, ekutholeni ukuphila eMhlabeni.