Bomnotho - wukuthi umqondo? Bomnotho ka 1929-1933, 2008 no-2014. Izimbangela bomnotho

Kuwo wonke umlando umphakathi wonke umhlaba, umnotho kakhulu esibucayi, ephelezelwa ukwehla zokukhiqiza, amanani falling, ekuqongeleleni izimpahla unsold emakethe, lapho kuwa uhlelo yasebhange, waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi abangasebenzi, ukubhujiswa iningi amabhizinisi akhona umkhakha nokurhwebelana.

Kuyini - le nhlekelele? Yiziphi izimpawu zaso? Yini esongela emnothweni wezwe futhi kuba nathi izakhamuzi ezivamile? Ngakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akunakugwemeka futhi yini engenziwa? Ake sizame ukuba zikwazi ukunikeza izimpendulo okungenani eseduze ukuba iningi le mibuzo.

Okokuqala, cabangela isimo esibucayi njengoba umqondo jikelele.

Leli gama lihunyushwa ngesiGreki ngokuthi "shift juqu", "inhlekelele yembulunga yonke", "isimo ithuna" noma iyiphi inqubo. Ngokuvamile, isimo esibucayi - Ukungadli engasekelwe ohlelweni oluthile, kuyilapho ushintsho yayo kumuntu izinga entsha.

indima yayo futhi izigaba

Ngoba bonke zinhlekelele yayo ubuhlungu wenza imisebenzi ewusizo. Akin ukuba ukugula okungathí sina ukuthi sekungene a eziphilayo, anqwabelene ukuphikisana ezifihliwe, izinkinga futhi izakhi kwamaciko olungathunaza kusuka ngaphakathi yiluphi uhlelo asathuthuka, ngabe kungcono umndeni, umphakathi noma izingxenye zayo ngazinye.

Ngenxa zinhlekelele azinakugwenywa futhi ukuthi ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukuba siqhubekele phambili. Futhi ngamunye wabo imisebenzi emikhulu emithathu:

• ukuqedwa noma ukuguqulwa okukhulu izici neligwadulekile uhlelo akasebenzi;
• uvivinyo, unobungqabavu nempilo ukukhuthazwa yezingxenye zayo;
• eqothula indlela ukudalwa izakhi isimiso esisha.

Ngo Dynamics ayo crisis egcina izigaba eziningana. I esicashile (kufihlwe), lapho izimo ukukhula kodwa ingakamiswa baphume. Isikhathi kokuwa, osheshayo imimese eziphikisanayo, kuyashesha futhi ukuwohloka okunamandla scorecards. Futhi isinyathelo Umane kwathatha esigabeni zokucindezeleka futhi yakhoibrium yesikhashana. Ubude izinkathi ezintathu akufani, umphumela crisis akunakwenzeka kubalwe kusenesikhathi.

Izici and Izimbangela

Izinkinga kungaba jikelele kanye lendawo. Jikelele - nalezo ukumboza wonke umnotho iyonke, lendawo - kuphela ingxenye yayo. Yima empikiswaneni Macro futhi mikrokrizisy. Igama ngesikhathi esifanayo liyazikhulumela. Ngoba kuqala libhekene ngezinga elikhulu futhi abe nezinkinga ezingathi sína. Okwesibili ziphazamisa kuphela udaba olulodwa noma iqembu yalo.

Izizathu crisis waphula kungaba umgomo okuvela izidingo cyclical ukubuyekezwa, futhi subjective, okubangelwa amaphutha zezombusazwe futhi ukuzikhethela. Futhi, bona zingahlukaniswa zibe zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Eyokuqala ezihlobene izici ezenzekayo komnotho omkhulu emnothweni isimo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe, kwesibili - ne ukuphathwa Ukhulelwe ukumaketha isu, amaphutha kanye izingxabano enhlanganweni zokukhiqiza ukusaphaza kanye nenqubomgomo utshalomali.

Inkinga ezezimali nezomnotho njengoba nomphumela waso kungenziwa olusha noma Ukubhujiswa kokugcina uhlelo okwenza imali kwezomnotho, ngcono yayo noma ukufika esibucayi ezayo. Out kungaba abukhali futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingalindelekile noma soft futhi eside. Lokhu buvezwa inqubomgomo ukuphathwa crisis. Zonke uthuthumele sinomthelela zikahulumeni, izikhungo zomphakathi, umphakathi kanye namasiko.

Ingqikithi bomnotho

crisis Economic - ebukhali, ukuwohloka ngezinye izikhathi azimele komnotho ezweni noma emazweni omphakathi. Izimpawu zayo - kuphula umthetho we izindaba zabasebenzi, ukwanda abangasebenzi, ucabanga amabhizinisi, ukwehla jikelele. Umphumela wokugcina - ukwehla kwamazinga kanye nenhlalakahle eziphilayo.

Nezinkinga zomnotho ukuthuthukiswa esiboniswe ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele kwezimpahla isihlobo zonke ukuthi zifune ukuqondiswa, izinguquko nokulingana izimo reception, mass nokudilizwa nezinye uthuthumele imvelo nesimo sakhe sezomnotho.

Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?

Umnotho kunakunoma iliphi izwe isikhathi othize isikhathi kwelinye ezimbili uthi.

1. Ukuzinza lapho ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa (ngokulandelana - kwaneliswe isidingo) e ibhalansi jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwemnotfo ku SOBALA DLELA.
2. I ukungalingani esiphazamisayo abanesibalo ejwayelekile izinqubo zezomnotho eziholela nkinga.

crisis Economic - ukungalingani global wesistimu ezezimali nezomnotho. It kuhambisana nokulahlekelwa ubudlelwane evamile emkhakheni zokukhiqiza kanye ukuhweba, futhi ekugcineni kuholela ukungalingani okuphelele kohlelo.

Yini eyenzekayo emnothweni

Ngokombono walaba isayensi, bomnotho - iyona ukungalingani kwaneliswe isidingo izimpahla nezinkonzo.

Ingqikithi it is nasemkhakheni ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile izimpahla isihlobo yokufunwa.

zezomnotho Modern agcwele njengoba isimo esibucayi komnotho lapho sibheke izinguquko zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Izici ke - amandla, ubude nobubanzi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, bomnotho kungaba yinzuzo. Ekugcineni, ikhuthaze ukuba ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ethwele umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba. Ngosizo lwawo, kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, kwandisa mncintiswano, dala nikhuthaze anawo izindlela akusebenzi zokukhiqiza kanye nokubuyekeza nsuku entsha yezobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, isimo esibucayi - okuyisici esibalulekile self-emakethe isimiso sezomnotho.

Yini kuthinta crisis

Kusukela sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise, njengoba umthetho, abagula kakhulu kunamanye izimboni esikhiqiza izimpahla kanye izindlela okuhlala. Ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa. Industries esikhiqiza izimpahla ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifushane, basabela awazange abe buhlungu kangaka.

Izindlela zincike imbangela yayo. Ukuqeda crisis kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, uhulumeni nimemezele ngesikhathi esifanayo injongo eyinhloko kwathatha kwezimo ezivamile kwezomnotho, okuyinto kufanele abuyisele zonke izikweletu, ukuhlaziya isimo imithombo kanye nemibono.

Manje ake uzame ukubona okwenzekayo emphakathini, izibonelo ezithile. Masikhumbule edume kunayo ukuhlolwa sekukaningi, wazamazama ngesikhathi sakhe umnotho wezwe.

Ake ubuyele emuva esikhathini esidlule

Izinkinga ziye zenzeka kuwo wonke umlando umphakathi. Eyokuqala ukuthi hit emnothweni US ngesikhathi esifanayo, eBrithani, eJalimane nase France, kwenzeka ngo-1857. Umfutho ukuthuthukiswa kwako kwakufana ngokuwa ezimakethe zamasheya bese ucabanga a sebuningini izinkampani wesitimela.

Ezinye izibonelo uyokhonza: Yokuwohloka Okukhulu (1929-1933.), Mexico (1994-1995.), Futhi obumbi Asian (1997), futhi, ngokungangabazeki, Russian 1998 crisis ngonyaka.

On inhlekelele 1929-1933.

Inkinga global kwezomnotho ka 1929-1933 ngokwemvelo - eyindilinga ukushaqeka ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele. Ukuze lokhu ingezwe, futhi ushintsho Imininingwane emnothweni, ekuqaleni lapho kwaqondana nenkathi lapho yaze yaphela impi. Lokho kwenza ukuba ukwanda okusheshayo ekukhiqizeni, eqinisa monopolies, okuholela ukungakwazi alulame emva kokuphela ubudlelwane kwezomnotho ezaziphambi impi.

Izici obumbi bomnotho yaleyo minyaka wabonakala encompass bonke amazwe isicebi ngaphandle kokukhetha, kanti zonke izindawo emnothweni wezwe. Kuyinto eyingqayizivele ukujula kokuvamile isikhathi.

Ake sibheke izimbangela bomnotho yaleyo minyaka kabanzi.

Kwakwenzenjani emhlabeni

Ngoba inkathi ukuzinza-yalolucwaningo 20 waba ukukhula isici ngcono yinye futhi ukuqoqelana kwezimali kanye ukukhiqizwa, okwaholela anda amandla yenkampani. Kulokhu, umthetho kahulumeni siye saba buthaka kakhulu. Imikhakha yendabuko emnothweni (shipbuilding, izimayini zamalahle, ukukhanya umkhakha) tilinganiso ziyadlula, kukhuphuke abangasebenzi. ingozi phezu-sekukhona kwezolimo.

Bomnotho ka-1929 kuye kwaholela lokungafani phakathi ongaphakeme amandla wokuthenga labantu obunamandla ukukhiqizwa. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi etshaliwe e stock market kokuqagela ukuthi nokuntengantenga anda isimo somnotho.

I-United States njengoba abakweletwayo main ngamazwe esasizobhujiswa ekuthembeleni yezimali iningi amazwe aseYurophu. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana ezezimali siqu iningi labo yafuna ukungena mahhala imikhiqizo emakethe US, kodwa sekukhona umncintiswano omkhulu ngo nokwanda nentela wabangela wokukweleta lamazwe ase-United States.

Chronicle Okukhulu Kwezomnotho

Njengoba bomnotho ka 1929-1933.? Kwasekusithi "ngoLwesine abamnyama" (Okthoba 24, 1929), lapho exchange uvukile i uvalo engakaze ibonwe e-United States. Inani ukwabelana kwe-New York Stock Exchange yawela isigamu (noma ngaphezulu). Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala ukubonakaliswa yokuqala crisis sekwephuzile nokujula engakaze ibonwe.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga pre-inhlekelele 1929 US umkhakha ivolumu ukukhiqizwa bawela 80,7% ngo-1930 Inkinga kwaholela ukuwohloka elibukhali amanani, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo yezolimo. Usayizi okungakaze kubonwe ucabanga nasencithakalweni isibe ukulibona kwezentengiselwano, izimboni kanye zezimali. Inkinga hit nge force yinhlekelele, ngaphezu, futhi osebeni.

Yini okufanele yenziwe?

Bloc Anglo-French wabona ikhambi lenkinga yokulungisa umonakalo izinkokhelo eJalimane. Kodwa indlela uhlulekile - namandla ezezimali eJalimane kwaba awazona izimbangi ngokwanele ukuze unciphise amakhono yayo ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe. ubuholi wezwe yoniwa le yokulungisa umonakalo ukuthi kudingeka kwalo zonke ukubolekisa entsha ngisho ukuntengantenga kukhungathekise ngaphezulu uhlelo yemali ngamazwe.

Bomnotho ka 1929-1933 is njengoba esinye esikhulu kakhulu emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba ezaziwayo. Kwathatha iminyaka embalwa ekulinganiseni simiso sezwe. Amazwe amaningi baye babhekana isikhathi eside imiphumela wenhlokomo kwezomnotho okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke, wehlela emlandweni.

Crisis ngesi-2008

Manje cabanga kwemithetho jikelele kanye izici imiqondo bafundelwa isibonelo izenzakalo owaziwa ezifana bomnotho ka 2008. isimilo saKhe inezici ezintathu ezibalulekile.

1. Inkinga global iye yabathinta cishe kuwo wonke amazwe futhi izifunda. By the way, enginakho negalelo elinamandla ezindaweni yimpumelelo futhi amile abathintekayo kancane. ERussia, njengoba eziningi izinkinga ebonwe izindawo izindawo boom kwezomnotho, ezifundeni okusalele emuva izinguquko yezwakala omncane.
2. Bomnotho ka 2008 waba uhlobo kwesakhiwo, ezihilela nokubuyekeza base kwezobuchwepheshe emnothweni wezwe.
3. Inkinga Bekungubani umlingisi ezintsha, ngenxa okuyinto sekamisiwe futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi emisha yezimali njengoba zomculo ezintsha emakethe. Bona yasishintsha emakethe lezimpahla. Intengo kawoyela, babethembele ikakhulu isilinganiso kwaneliswe isidingo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kancane kulawulwa abakhiqizi, manje kwamiswa imisebenzi izimakethe zezimali wabathengi ngidayisa e kwezezimali ezihlobene supply yayo.

Umphakathi jikelele kwadingeka ukuba bamukele iqiniso yokuqinisa isici abonakalayo ukwakheka Amathrendi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaholi kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ilahlekelwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwezezimali. Ngakho-ke, le nkinga ibizwa ngokuthi "izimoto uthuli ngokumelene Abadali abo."

Njengoba kwakunjalo

Ngo-September 2008, endabeni enhlekeleleni kuwo wonke amahhovisi emhlabeni wonke - uwela NYSE. Ezweni yezilimo isitokwe. Uhulumeni waseRussia Simane Kuvalwa exchange. Ngo-October ngawo lowo nyaka kuba ngokuphelele kucace ukuthi inhlekelele yembulunga yonke is ngenakugwemeka.

Incithakalo amabhange esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kuba ngendathane. Songa izinhlelo mortgage, ngivuka zenzalo ubhekene nenkinga yezimali. Steelmakers ayeke kuqhuma amaziko, izimboni, usedilize izisebenzi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka imali "eside" futhi credit wayeka ukwakhiwa, imishini emisha kuthengwa, umkhakha ubunjiniyela iwela stupor. Falling ukufunwa iqashwe kuyehla intengo izinsimbi kanye namafutha.

Umnotho circle esinolaka: ayikho imali - akukho pay - akukho msebenzi - yokukhiqiza - Azikho imikhiqizo. Umjikelezo ivaliwe. Kukhona into okuthiwa crisis zezimali. Ngamafuphi nje, abathengi Awunayo imali, izimpahla kungukuthi kukhiqizwa ngenxa yokuntuleka funa.

Bomnotho ka 2014

Qhubekisa ngokuthwebula izenzakalo zamanje. Ngokungangabazeki, sonke bakhathazekile isimo kuleli zwe ngokuqondene ngentuthuko yakamuva. kwamanani, ukwehla of the ruble, ukudideka in the kwezepolitiki - konke lokhu kwenza ilungelo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi sibhekene nesimo esibucayi yangempela.

ERussia, obumbi 2014 kwezomnotho - ziwohloke e umnotho wezwe okubangelwa ukwehla elibukhali yemandla futhi ukunqunywa unswinyo kwezomnotho, yalahla iRussia ezivela emazweni Western. Kubonakaliswa ngokwayo endaweni ukwehla okukhulu of the ruble Russian, okwandisa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali futhi ukwehla ukukhula kwemali ngeniso real zabantu baseRussia.

Yiziphi izimo zawo?

Kusukela ekuqaleni kowezi-2000 eRussia kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa eziseqhulwini wemboni lezimpahla. ukukhula okusebenzayo kwe amanani emhlabeni wonke uwoyela ngesikhathi esifanayo kunyuke ukwencika umnotho kusukela amandla esikhiqiza izimboni, futhi umsebenzi isimo zangaphandle.

Ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela ngenxa ukwehla ngokufunwa, ukukhula ukukhiqizwa e-US yayo, zokuchithwa kwamanye amazwe ukunciphisa supply. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza ukwehla izimali ukudayisa amandla, lokulandisa-70% omkhiqizo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe Imininingwane yasekhaya. La imiphumela emibi wokugoqa kwamanani wazizwa nakwamanye amazwe timbiwa - Norway, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Venezuela.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Ziyini izimbangela obumbi bomnotho ka 2014? Yini kahle hle kwaba inhlamvu? Ngenxa nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia, amazwe e-EU kubhekwa njengento wadla, yalahla iRussia unswinyo zabekwa oluboniswa nokuvimbela ngokubambisana neNhlangano amabhizinisi Imboni yezokuvikela, amabhange kanye nezinkampani ezimbonini. ECrimea kwathiwa ukuvimbezela kwezomnotho. Ngesicelo uMongameli Russia eziphoqelelwe unswinyo ngokumelene nathi - imbangela cishe ikota yebahlali izinkinga komnotho wezwe.

Ngakho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni ihlangabezana nenhlekelele kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka baqhubeka yokujama tsi, ukusebenza kwezomnotho ngo-2014 wawa ngezansi amandla emali afakwa esikhundleni ezihlelelwe 5% safinyelela ezingeni 11.4%, i-GDP yawela 0.5% ngonyaka, okusho wayengekho 2008. kokuwa ruble Disemba 15 kwaba irekhodi, ngalolo suku wabizwa ngokuthi "omnyama ngoMsombuluko." Amahhovisi athile kufakelwa banquma ukubekela idijithi amahlanu ukubonisa exchange rate uma kwenzeka kukhula izinombolo elikhulu nakakhulu kubo.

Disemba 16 kwaba ngisho iconsi kakhulu lwemali kazwelonke - euro wema ruble 100.74, dollar -. Ruble 80.1. Khona-ke kwaba khona abathile kuqinisa. Yaphela ngonyaka ngesilinganiso 68,37 kanye 56,24 ngokulandelana.

ofeleba Unciphise ezimakethe zamasheya, inkomba RTS bawela indawo yokugcina, isimo yajikijela abacebe baseRussia ngenxa ukwehla kwempahla. credit waseRussia isilinganiso emhlabeni kwenzakala behliselwe phansi.

Kwenzekani manje?

Bomnotho ka 2014 buthola umfutho. Ngo-2015, izinkinga ezweni ziyafana. Ukuqhubeka ukuntengantenga futhi buthakathaka ruble. Ukushoda isabelomali kulindeleke ukuba ukubona izingozi kusengaphambili, okufanayo kusebenza ukuwa kwe-GDP.

Ngenxa yezigwebo, izinkampani zaseRussia zalahlekelwa amandla okuvuselela futhi zaqala ukufuna usizo kuhulumeni. Kodwa izimali eziphelele ze "Central Bank" kanye nesikhwama sokugcinwa kwesigceme sehlelwa ngaphansi kwesikweletu sangaphandle esiphelele.

Amanani ekhuphukile ezimoto nemishini ye-elekthronikhi, athengwe ngenani labantu ngesaba. I-Rush idinga ngasekupheleni kuka-2014 ibusa ngefenisha ezitolo, izindlu zasendlini, ubucwebe. Abantu bagijimela ukutshala izimali mahhala ethembeni lokubonga kusukela ekunciphiseni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufunwa kwempahla yansuku zonke, izingubo kanye nezicathulo zawela. Ngenxa yamanani aphakama, amaRussia aqala ukugcina ukuthenga izinto ezidingekayo zasendlini noma ukuthenga eshibhile. Abakhiqizi abaningi bangaphandle bezingubo nezicathulo zamatshe adumile baphoqeleka ukuba banciphise imisebenzi yabo eRussia ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemfuno. Ezinye izitolo zivaliwe. Ngakho-ke, inhlekelele kuleli lizwe lingabatshali ngabathengi bangaphandle.

Amanani wemikhiqizo yokudla iye yanda kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuqala kuka-2015, isibalo sabantu, sitholwa ngamahemuhemu okukhuphuka komhlaba wonke esikhathini esizayo, saqala ukususa usawoti noshukela emashalofini.

Amabhange amaningi amisa ukukhishwa kwemali mboleko yabathengi kanye nempahla yokubolekwa kwempahla, ikakhulukazi mboleko yesikhathi eside, ngenxa yesimo semali esingenakuqondakala.

Inkinga yezomnotho yezenhlalakahle yahlasela inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi ezivamile. Imali engenayo yangempela yabantu iye yehla, ukungasebenzi kuye kwanda. Kwakunzima kakhulu kubantu abanezifo ezimbi ezidinga imithi ebiza noma ukwelashwa phesheya.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpahla zaseRussia zafinyeleleka kakhulu kuzivakashi zakwamanye amazwe. Baqala ukuthenga izakhamizi zaseBelarus, eKazakhstan, emazweni aseBaltic, eFinland naseChina.

Ingabe kukhona izindaba ezinhle?

Kuwo wonke unyaka odlule, uhulumeni waseRussia uzame ukuthonya inkinga yezomnotho ezweni. "I-Central Bank" iphakanyise izinga eliyinhloko izikhathi eziyisithupha ngonyaka, okwenziwe ngemali yokwenza izinto ukuze kuqiniswe i-ruble. U-Vladimir Putin wanxusa ukuthi abamele abakhulu bebhizinisi basize umbuso ngokuthengisa imali eyengeziwe emakethe yasekhaya yaseRashiya.

"I-Central Bank" yanciphisa imigomo yemali yokubolekwa kwemali, i-State Duma ihlela ukusiza ababolekisi, ibhekene nezinkinga ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushintshaniswa.

Noma kunjalo, izibikezelo zezezimali ngo-2015 azikho ithemba. Inkinga iyaqhubeka nokufutheka, ukunciphisa inzuzo yayo engakabonakali. Sonke sekuyisikhathi eside sikwazi ukulwa nobunzima. Kusalokhu kuthatha izinyathelo ezinengqondo ezilinganiselwe, ukunciphisa izindleko futhi uzame ngazo zonke izindleko zokugcina imisebenzi etholakalayo neminye imithombo engenayo.