Birch amagxolo - kuyinto idokhumenti ezingokomlando ezibalulekile

Birch amagxolo - imiyalezo eyimfihlo futhi imibhalo 10-16 eminyaka, umbhalo lasetshenziswa amagxolo birch. Amadokhumenti wokuqala enjalo batholwa mlando Russian eNovgorod ngo-1951 ngesikhathi uhambo mlando wemivubukulo ngaphansi kokulawula AV Artsikhovsky. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, behlonipha lokhu okutholakele minyaka lugujwa iholide Novgorod - Usuku birch namagxolo. Lokho owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo elithoba zomculo ezifana, futhi 1970 banayo 464 izingcezu atholakele. Imibhalo birchbark Novgorod, abavubukuli bathola enhlabathini izingqimba, lapho kukhona khona izinsalela izitshalo lasendulo imfucumfucu wahlala.

Iningi ezincwadini birch namagxolo izincwadi siqu. They namatha ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene kwezomnotho kanye ezifuywayo, ngocansi imiyalelo futhi uchaza ingxabano. birch namagxolo nazo zatholakala isigamu-Entela nokuqukethwe engenangqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Arkhipovskaya zezinhlobo atholakele, eyayinekheli imibhikisho abalimi ngokumelene oya emakhosini azo, izikhalazo mayelana isiphetho sabo nohlu Manor misdemeanors.

Umbhalo on birch namagxolo ubonisa indlela elula bakudala - bhala out metal wakhe ngensimbi noma ithambo pisalom (pin). Oku-iphathwa amagxolo ukuze ususe izinhlamvu. Umbhalo ubekwe amagxolo birch ilandelana, ezimweni eziningi, ngaphandle ukukucaza kube amazwi. Lapho ebhalela acishe never wasebenzisa inki ethambile. amagxolo Birch ngokuvamile emfushane futhi pragmatic, kuphela imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu equkethwe kuwo. Iqiniso ukuthi umamukeli futhi umbhali uyazi, akukhulunywa ngaye kulo.

I zomlando kanye iminyuziyamu igcinwe amadokhumenti amaningi yamuva nezincwadi ezazibhalwe emaphepheni okubhala amagxolo birch. Found izincwadi ngisho lonke. SV Maksimov, ethnographer Russian futhi umbhali, wathi ebona ncwadi Mezen birch namagxolo Old Amakholwa.

Birch amagxolo njengendlela material lokubhala ukudluliswa kolwazi, ladluliselwa ngekhulu le-11, kodwa ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ngekhulu le-15. Labe ukusetshenziswa kakhulu labantu Russia atholakala iphepha, okuyinto kwaba eshibhile. Njengoba amagxolo lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela yesibili wokuqopha. Ngokuyinhloko lalisetshenziselwa abavamile amarekhodi womuntu futhi ukuxhumana yangasese futhi izincwadi ezisemthethweni kanye nemiyalezo olubaluleke kazwelonke zalotshwa yesikhumba.

Kancane kancane ukukhonkotha waphuma khona. Kwelinye izincwadi ezitholakala, eyayibonakala isikhalazo esibhaliwe olusemthethweni, abacwaningi atholakele wayala kabusha okuqukethwe amagxolo birch yesikhumba bese uthumela ekhelini.

izinhlamvu ukuphola kwenzeka indlela ikakhulu stratigraphic - esekelwe ungqimba lapho into itholiwe. Inani ezithile izinhlamvu birch namagxolo sibonga olwaba kukhulunywa kulezi zenzakalo zomlando noma abantu ababalulekile.

Birch amagxolo ziwumthombo obalulekile ngoba umlando ngolimi lwethu. Lokho kungenzeka ukusungula kwezikhathi noma degree of ulwazi into yezilimi, kanye nesikhathi ukubukeka kanye etymology yegama kukhona amazwi amaningi atholakala kule efuze, engaziwa eminye imithombo lasendulo. Ngokuyinhloko, Lawa ngamazwi ndaba yasekhaya lapho kwakukhona cishe akukho amathuba okuthola ku imisebenzi abalobi isikhathi.