Architects Petersburg - ayini?

Umhlaba elidume dolobha yamasiko Russia - Saint Petersburg - captivates abahlali kuphela wendawo, kodwa futhi izinkulungwane zezivakashi abafuna ukuvakashela idolobha amabhuloho White Nights. Kuyini zikhanga kangaka Petersburg owenza lokhu ngendlela esiphila kulo manje?

Qala yokwakhiwa Petersburg

Umsunguli we umuzi wawuyigolide wezinguquko enkulu futhi Tsar uPetru I. umxhwele izakhiwo kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase emazweni asentshonalanga wahambela, uPetru nganquma ukwakha umuzi eRussia, akuyona kunabayeni ubuhle izihloko European. Waqala kanjalo-ke ukwakhiwa Petersburg.

Inkosi kwakungelona umsekeli okweqile salo lonke entshonalanga, kodwa ekugcineni wakwazi ukubuyeka kukhishwe umyalo obaluleke kakhulu kunayo okubona futhi sijwayele ukuba izimo Russian. Architects Petersburg, okuyinto waqasha kwa phesheya, bebelokhu amakhosi owaziwa kulo msebenzi emazweni aseYurophu.

Phakathi kwabo, Jean-Baptiste Leblond baseFrance Domenico Trezzini evela e-Italiya. umsebenzi wabo wayengekho kuphela yezakhiwo ngokuhambisana okuthandwa nezidingo izakhamuzi zedolobha, kodwa futhi ukuqeqesha abaklami Empire le Ubuciko enzima. Ukuze ukhuthaze abantu bakwamanye amazwe uPetru engiwanike kubo umvuzo okukhulu kunalokho amakhosi Russian.

Architects Petersburg

Omunye abaklami lokuqala Petersburg esikhathini kusuka 1703 kuya 1716 kwaba Domenico Trezzini - ummeleli we ekuseni Baroque. Phakathi amaphrojekthi yakhe - ukwakhiwa Kronshlot (wezikhali Fort ukuze bazivikele abaseSweden); plan kuqala jikelele edolobheni; uhlelo ukuthuthukiswa Vasilyevsky Island; uhlela ukwakhiwa Cathedral uPetru noPawulu Fortress, Ihlobo Palace, kwakhiwe Amakolishi Nambili. Isitayela umakhi washintsha bedle ngokoqobo ezizungezile. Wemisebenzi yokuqala (ikakhulukazi, umbhoshongo isikhencezo Cathedral SS uPetru noPawulu) ihlanganise nokhahlo isitayela zaseScandinavia bokwakha. Nokho, ngaphansi kwethonya isiko kanye nesitayela amakhosi Russian amafomu yezakhiwo Trezzini wathatha isimo ethambile.

Njengoba ayefa nomphumela ofanayo kanye nezinye abaklami Petersburg: esithile umoya Russian kanye nendlela yokuphila kwabantu abanengi be-the Empire Russian ukwenza izinguquko ezimqoka kunqubo nokubukwa yobuhle abaklami.

Akukho mnikelo kangako lwekutfutfukisa eyenziwe Johann Georg Mattarnovi, wezakhiwo isiJalimane, kufika Petersburg ngo-1714. Wayehola ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezimbalwa - wesibili Winter Palace, kwakhiwe Kunstkamera, Cathedral St-Isaka. Kodwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe okungazelelwe 1719 ayeseqalile ukuqedela umakhi Nikolaus Gerbel.

Enye wezakhiwo oluvelele, owayesebenza enhlokodolobha enyakatho - engumFulentshi Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Wayengumuntu nombhali uhlelo lokuqala jikelele edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umakhi idale layout Ihlobo Garden, kanye amapaki nezingadi Strelna futhi ePeterhof (ngokukhethekile, wakha Hermitage, Monplaisir, zasebukhosini futhi emadokodweni Marley).

Omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala kwaba nenqwaba Menshikov Palace, ogama lokwakha lwaqala ngo-1710 intuthuko Giovanni Maria Fontana, futhi laqedwa ngo-1720 kakade Johann Schedel. Isakhiwo sakhiwa ngqo isilwane senkosi - Prince Alexander Menshikov.

Abakhi eyakha Petersburg, wayesebenzela izizukulwane. Ngakho, ngo-1716 edolobheni nomndeni wakhe kanye nabasizi efika Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli, wenza inkontileka yeminyaka emithathu nenkosi. Umakhi eyingoduso kudalwa yonke iqembu imifanekiso ukuze Grand Cascade at ePeterhof; Ngazakhela i lesikhumbuzo Equestrian kuPetru mina (ibekwe phambi Mikhailovsky Palace), kanye ekumeni eziningana yenkosi nazo "wax sibalo" yakhe.

I nomklami oyinhloko Petersburg

INdodana noBartolomewu Sr. - Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli - beza edolobheni ehamba noyise eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-15. Ezemfundo, bekatsatsa e ezifana abaklami eliyingqayizivele njengoba Domenico Trezzini, N. Michetti, M. Zemtsov futhi A. Shlyutter. Rastrelli Jr. wasebenza Petersburg, eminyakeni engaba ngu-amahlanu, ukudala phezu kwalesi sikhathi izakhiwo edumile emhlabeni wonke: I Catherine Sigodlo ekhatsi Tsarskoye Selo, Bala Stroganov endlini futhi Vorontsov, Grand ePeterhof Palace. Umakhi we Winter Palace eSt - kangaka okuthiwa Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ezikuleli eziyinkimbinkimbi zonke amakhono akhe. Ukwakhiwa wawuqala 1754 kuya 1762. Lapho liqedwa, esigodlweni kwaba yokuhlala eyinhloko ubusika yasebukhosini. Lesi sakhiwo in the isitayela Baroque. Kuyinto wokugcina isakhiwo omkhulukazi, emelela isitayela abaculi owayesebenza kulesi siqondiso.

Kwenzeka kanjalo ngoba uhhafu kwekhulu XVIII yesibili libhekene okushintshako ebuhlotsheni kwezomnotho kanye akuthandayo of umphakathi, okwaholela ukushabalala okusheshayo baraque pop.

Umklami Winter Palace eSt sihlangabezane nhlekelele yangempela ngenxa yokufelwa abukhali isithakazelo isitayela ezakhiwo ukuphila kwakhe wakhala classicism. Akuvamile ukuba ngiye enkosini ngasinda ngenkathi ukugeleza, lapho ayesebenzela. Rastrelli ngoba Kwaba buhlungu ngempela.

Effect kwesakhiwo angaphandle Russian

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu XVIII waba mlando yangempela emlandweni bokwakha Russian. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abakhi abadumile Petersburg babe amazwe, bangibingelela buvezwa ukuthuthukiswa bokwakha eMbusweni isiRashiya, simenze ezinye izitayela Western. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amakhosi ngokwabo ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo, amasiko kanye namasiko abantu Russian nezwe lakhe zishintshile isitayela umsebenzi wabo, yokuvumelana okuthandwa kanye nezincomo amakhasimende.