Ancient izakhiwo waseRoma: ubukhazikhazi esiqinile

ERoma lasendulo is abatelekile hhayi kuphela umlando yawo yezempi. Ukuze umlando eyinkulungwane ngaphezu inzalo Roma enikeziwe nohlaka lomthetho kakhulu, wabeka izisekelo ahlekisayo ukubhinqa, ubuciko bokukhuluma. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke zibabaza namuhla emagugu emasiko ubunjiniyela ukuthi uyasala izakhiwo laseRoma lasendulo. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa ukwakhiwa kanye ne-engineering sidilizwa uMbuso WaseRoma ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-Republican, Imperial futhi inkathi Principate futhi zidonse isikhathi eside.

ERoma lasendulo: republic isikhathi izakhiwo (kwaphakathi VI - maphakathi mina BC leminyaka.)

Uma udinga igama elilodwa ukuchaza lesi sikhathi, iyoba "ukhonkolo. ' Labe wasungula Ukwakheka ekhethekile ehlanganisa ilula, umlotha wentaba-mlilo, lime netshe zasendle. Ukhonkolo isibe ukufohla kungenzeka ukwakha izinhlobo olukhethekile izakhiwo - ephezulu liphumele, okuyinto ngaleyo nkathi yomlando abangu libhekene kuphela Republic wamaRoma. Kanye ukhonkolo esetshenziswa tuff, isitini namatshe amhlophe amaningi.

izakhiwo sidilizwa waseRoma wangaleso sikhathi libhekene ezimbili izinhlobo izakhiwo - peripter (unxande) kanye Rotunda (round emise isakhiwo). Esikhathini kudvweba nekwakhiwa izakhiwo zikaHulumeni zisetshenziswa oda ezine - Doric, ionic, baseKorinte Tuscan. Ngosizo lwabo, amatshe ezikhumbuzo classical ezakhiwa - basil kuKhesari, Nethempeli Vesta, Forum entsha, Nethempeli Venus. Khona-ke kukhona leli siko izindawo zomphakathi statues omkhulukazi, ekwenzeni okuyinto wathonywa Greece.

izakhiwo yaseRoma lasendulo kwesikhathi republic emenza ukwakhiwa kanye nokusebenzisa imigwaqo omkhulukazi, amabhuloho aqinile futhi, yebo, imisele yamanzi nezindawo eziyisikhumbuzo (amapayipi amanzi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mshini ngokhonkolo uvunyelwe ukufaka ubunjiniyela Ensemble yayinamakhothamo, vaults futhi domes, kanye ejwayelekile kuleyo nkathi yomlando kuphela ERoma eliphezulu liphumele izakhiwo.

Imperial isikhathi - sokuthuthwa kwempahla umcabango classical yezakhiwo (mina BC leminyaka -. II AD leminyaka.)

Rigor futhi monumentality kuhlangene okunethezeka - ukuthi libhekene nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu eRoma lasendulo naleso sikhathi. Qala-ke, futhi ngokuyisisekelo kulo lonke eloMbuso WaseRoma, ukubeka omkhulu Oktavian Avgust. Kwaba ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe kusukela ubunjiniyela mkhuba yesibili isikhundla ukuphuma isitini. Dala iforamu entsha, iparele okuyinto iba ethempelini Mars le Avenger, ithempeli lika-Apholo, Theatre of Marcellus. New yezakhiwo mkhuba ngokusebenzisa nemidwebo on ezindongeni zezakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa olubanzi zamatshe ayigugu negolide e umhlobiso ingaphakathi.

Nokho kusele isikhashana isikhundla okuholela kule nkathi ukuthuthukiswa bokwakha basonta Flavian Dynasty futhi uTrajan uMbusi. wokubusa yabo Kwakhiwani onkulunkulu ( "Ithempeli kwabo bonke onkulunkulu") futhi kweColosseum - uphawu Italy wesimanje kweqiniso. Lapho nabo wasebenzisa ingxenye ukwakhiwa nemengamo lokunqoba - isiko esasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

Libhekene kakhulu Roma nokuhlanzeka ukudala izakhiwo ezikhethekile - imigomo. Abadwebi bamapulani benze athuthukile kubo ukuze thermoregulation alawo machibi aseRoma kwenziwa phansi futhi izindonga, futhi IBamba isimiso 'phansi efudumele ".

ERoma lasendulo: izakhiwo isikhathi principate dominative futhi (III a - falling Empire.).

Le nkathi libhekene ukwenza ushintsho olwenzeka isigubhukane kusukela ubuqaba ebuKristwini. UMbusi uConstantine ngo-313 imemezela inguqulelo lesiphathimandla inkolo entsha uNkulunkulu oyedwa, njengoba kubonakala hhayi kuphela empilweni usikompilo nenhlalo. izakhiwo sidilizwa waseRoma wangaleso sikhathi libhekene ukwakhiwa omkhulu basil - amasonto Christian olusemthethweni. Ziba bendabuko Roman ubuchwepheshe ukwakha izakhiwo zenkolo, kuhlangene izakhi asempumalanga.

Ukucabanga ekuhlaseleni namaqaba, bamaRoma baphoqeleka ukwakha eziqinile ikakhulukazi ukuzivikela, isibonelo esiphawulekayo owawungumnyaka Izindonga uAurelian. Ngeshwa, abazi ilondolozwe kusuka ukuwa mbuso omkhulu, kodwa ubuchwepheshe elisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa zabo, ngeNkathi Ephakathi.

Ancient izakhiwo zamaRoma kanye namanje owuthanda abantu abavamile nje kuphela kodwa futhi uphefumulela ochwepheshe. Izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka zombuso bazongena esitelekeni ngobufushane futhi ukuphelela kwabo imigqa. Sikhanyisiwe engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, izimiso sokwakha izakhiwo eziyinhloko nasizayo ukulingana kahle ubunjiniyela isayensi yesimanje. Asele esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo ukuwudlulisela umoya wanamuhla Empire kweqiniso.