Amanzi asolwandle ahlanganisa kanjani: ukubunjwa ngamaphesenti kanye nobuningi

Ulwandle luhlanganisa iningi lomhlaba. Kodwa yini esiyaziyo ngaye? Amanzi olwandle ahlanganisani? Zithini izinto zayo zomzimba? Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamanzi olwandle namanzi okuphuza? Futhi ungakwenza kanjani komunye nomunye? Sizozama ukuphendula yonke le mibuzo.

Amanzi usawoti nje?

Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi ulwandle luthanda yini, futhi labo abangakwaziyo, baqagele. Kuyinsawoti. Kodwa ingabe kungenzeka ngempela ukwakha ulwandle ekhaya, nje ukuxuba usawoti namanzi? Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngempela. Inani lamanzi ajwayelekile elwandle liyi-96.5%. Ama-3.5% asele ayingcolile. Ukubunjwa kwabo kwangempela kwakutholakala kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi sokujikeleza emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ososayensi bazi ukuthi ukungcola okwenza amanzi anjalo kangaka usawoti akuvamile ukupheka usawoti. Eqinisweni, zonke izakhi ezivela ohlelweni lwe-Mendeleyev ngezikhathi ezithile ziyoncibilika olwandle . Ukuba khona kwabo kuyingcosana, kodwa kungenakuphikwa.

Kulo lelo hambo, amasampula amanzi angu-77 athathwe ezindaweni ezahlukene ze-World Ocean. Kwabe sekutholakala ukutholakala okumangalisayo: naphezu kwemali enkulu yamanzi olwandle eMhlabeni, iphesenti ye-ion enkulu kulo lonke ihlale ingashintshi. Lokho kusho lokhu, sizohlaziya ngezansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sifunda ukuthi amanzi olwandle aqukethe.

Ukubumbana kosawoti

Lokhu kutholakala, okubizwa nangokuthi umthetho ka-Ditmar, okwenziwe ekuhambeni kwezwe nxazonke ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Isazi samakhemikhali, ogama lakhe lalinikezwa kuleli phethini, sathola ukuthi emanzini asolwandle isilinganiso sokulinganisa kwe-ion main cishe njalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Inani lezinye izinto lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi alibalulekile futhi alinakucabangela uma kwenziwa izifundo ezihlukahlukene ze-hydrochemical.

Ion main, okungukuthi, izinto ezinenani elingaphezu kuka-0.01%, zihlanganisa inqwaba yamanzi usawoti. Zithinta kakhulu izindawo zomzimba namakhemikhali wamanzi olwandle. Inani labo lincike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezimo zemvelo. Kodwa ngokuhlanzeka okwenziwe usawoti emanzini olwandle kufana no-35.16 ‰, ubuningi bokungcola bunenani elicacile, elinikezwe etafuleni elingezansi. Ake sibone ukuthi amanzi olwandle ahlanganisa yini.

Njengoba singabona, iningi lama-chloride akha. Ukucabangela ukungaguquki kokwakhiwa kosawoti ngesisekelo salolu datha, kungenzeka ukuthi kunqume ukubunjwa okuphelele kwesampula samanzi olwandle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, balala i-chlorine yokuhlushwa, futhi ngesisekelo sedatha etholakalayo, ufunde ngendlela ye-isilinganiso, yiyiphi ingxenye eyenza izakhi ezisele.

Izakhiwo zomzimba

Njenganoma imuphi omunye umuthi, amanzi olwandle anezici ezihlukahlukene abafundi abazifundela ngenxa yocwaningo. Le datha inikeza umbono wezinqubo eziningi ezenzeka ekujuleni futhi kuthinta iplanethi yethu. Isibonelo, akubona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi amanzi anakho ukuvumelanisa. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesisindo esisebenza kuso kusukela phezulu, ingashintsha ivolumu.

Emkhathini cishe kungabonakali, kodwa ekujuleni, ngokucacile lesi sici siba khona. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi emakhulwini we-atmospheres, ukuncintisana kufinyelela kunani elikhulu. Ososayensi bathi uma kungenjalo kule ndawo yamanzi, izinga lokudoba liyoba ngamamitha angu-30 ngaphezulu. Kulokhu, ubuso bomhlaba babukeka buhluke kakhulu.

Salinity

Sesivele sithole ukuthi usawoti ungakanani emanzini olwandle, futhi siyazi ukuthi inani lalo alinakuguqulwa ngokuphelele. Noma kunjalo, ihluka kancane-kusuka ku-33 kuya ku-37 ‰, ngaphandle kokungafani okungajwayelekile. Inani elilinganiselwe lingu-34.72 . Lesi sibonakaliso sincike ekungenikeni kwemvula ewela kule ndawo noma esifundeni, izinga lokushisa lomoya elichaphazela ukuqina kwamanzi, futhi inani lamanzi amanzi ahlanzekile axhunyiwe ngqo olwandle.

Iphesenti eliphakeme kakhulu likasawoti lilotshwe e-Atlantic Ocean. Inani elilinganiselwe engxenyeni yalo enyakatho ngu-35.06 . Inani eliphansi kunazo zonke linge-Pacific Ocean. Noma kunjalo, kunezinqolobane lapho uhla lwe-salinity ludlula kakhulu izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe. Zihlanganisa iMedithera neLwandle Olubomvu. Amazinga aphezulu okushisa umoya, ukushisa okukhulu kwamanzi kanye nemvula ephansi kuphakamisa izinga lokusawoti emculweni 38-42 . Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka kwamanzi olwandle oLwandle Olumnyama kanye nabanye abaningi cishe kufana. Mhlawumbe, iqiniso lokuthi bonke bahlobene.

Abanye bathi amanzi olwandle aqukethe u-5 ‰ usawoti. Kodwa isibonakaliso esinjalo sinqabile kakhulu, kuphela emachibi amaminerali. Isibonelo, izinga losawoti olwandle lwe-Azov lingu-11 ‰, abamnyama-18 ‰, abomvu - 41 ‰, no-Dead - 300 .

Ukushisa

Kungaba yizinkolelo ukukholelwa ukuthi lesi sibonakaliso sinye esifanayo kuwo wonke amanzi olwandle emhlabeni. Ukushisa kwemoya ezindaweni eziseduze nezibonda kuncishiselwa kumanothi amancane. E-equator, ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo sezulu sishisa njalo. Kodwa uhla lwezinguquko ekushiseni kwamanzi luphansi kakhulu, luyahlukahluka kusuka ku- -2 kuya ku-30 ^о С. Inani elilinganiselwe kulo lonke i-World Ocean linama-3.73 ^о С. Futhi emanzini angaphezulu kunomfudumalo kunama-2-5,000 ejulile. M.

Kungabangela ukudideka ukuthi izinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle kwezinye izindawo liyehla ku -2 ° C. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ku-0 ° C H ₂ O iphenduka iqhwa. Ngakho-ke, kodwa amanzi olwandle, njengoba sesichazile kakade, kufaka ukungcola okushintsha izici zalo, kuhlanganise nokushisa okubandayo. Ukuphakama iphesenti yokusawoti, okungezansi kweli nani. Isibonelo, ngesilinganiso esincane somunyu emanzini (24.7 ‰), iphuzu lokuqhwala lizoba yi--1.33 ° C.

Ubuningi

Izinguquko ezincane kunazo zonke kule nkhomba zibangelwa ukuhamba kwamanzi futhi ziholele ekuboneni ukugeleza okuqondile nokugxila. Yingakho ubukhulu bamanzi olwandle bufundwa kunoma yikuphi ukucwaninga kwezilwandle. Ilinganiselwa ngo-kg / m ³ futhi ibonisa ubuningi bevolumu yunithi.

Ubuningi bamanzi ahlanzekile ekushiseni kwe-4 ° C ngu-1000 kg / m ³ , kanti amanzi olwandle endaweni yokusawoti ka-35 ‰ ayi-1027.81 kg / m ³ . Lo umehluko uvela ekungcoleni okwenza ukwakheka kwawo. Usawoti owengeziwe utholakala emanzini olwandle, i-index ephakeme kakhulu. Ngokuvamile ububanzi bayo bubungama-1025 kuya ku-1033 kg / m ³ .

Ukwengeza, ukuphakama kwamanzi olwandle kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ukujula: eduze kombuso, okuphansi. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile. Isibonelo, nge-evaporation ejulile ehlotshaniswa nokushisa kwe-air high, ubuningi be-salin buya phezulu. Ngakho-ke, ubukhulu besolwandle ezinhlakeni ezingaphezulu nakho kwanda.

Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali

Njengoba sitholile ngenhla, inani elingcolile emanzini olwandle cishe lilinganayo. Kodwa yiziphi izinto ezenza lokho okuyiyo?

Kukholelwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali wamanje wamanzi olwandle akhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 edlule. Ngisho ngaleso sikhathi kwakunjengosawoti njengamanje. Futhi ngokumangalisa kakhulu ukusikisela kukaR. R. Quinton, owathi ngo-1904 wathi ukubunjwa kwamaminerali amanzi olwandle kanye negazi cishe kufana. Ngo-1910, u-AB Mulloun uqinisekisile lo mqondo. Ngokombono wakhe, iqoqo lamakhemikhali emanzini olwandle ngesikhathi lapho i-bony yokuqala kanye nezinhlanzi ezinamazinyo ezibonakalayo zibonakala zifana negazi lazo zonke izilwane. Kodwa kuze kube manje lo mbono unabo bobabili abalandeli nabaphikisi.

Amanzi olwandle aqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene, iphesenti yalo elinikezwa etafuleni elingezansi.

Lolu hlu lungase luhluke kancane ezindaweni ezihlukene. Isibonelo, ukubunjwa kwamanzi olwandle olwandle olumnyama kugcwele i-hydrogen sulfide, ngoba amabhaktheriya ekunciphiseni i-sulfate asebenza kakhulu lapha.

Uvelaphi usawoti?

Sithole kakade ukwakheka kwamanzi olwandle ngama-percents. Kodwa zonke lezi zinto zivelaphi futhi kungani ukunambitheka kolwandle kufana nalokhu?

Eqinisweni, usawoti awukho emanzini olwandle kuphela, kodwa nasemanzini amanzi ahlanzekile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaminerali kuphela okuphansi kangangokuthi akukwazi ukubonakala ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okukhethekile. Imifula iphuma emhlabathini endleleni yayo usawoti, kamuva owela olwandle. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, amanzi olwandle aqhuma, futhi amaminerali asekhona.

Kodwa ngisho noma inqubo enjalo ihlala iminyaka eminingi, amanzi olwandle ayengeke abe nosawoti kakhulu. Umsebenzi we-volcanic emkhawulweni womhlaba waqala konke. I-Magma, efika phezulu, ixubene namanzi iphindze ifuthe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zamaminerali. Yingakho ukubunjwa kwamakhemikhali kolwandle kwakhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 edlule, lapho umsebenzi we-volcanic wawusebenza kakhulu.

Ngingayiphuza?

Ngokuqinisekile ezincwadini noma kumafilimu uhlangabezane nezitatimende ukuthi amanzi olwandle akanakudakwa kunoma yikuphi? Kodwa ngani? Emva kwakho konke, ngamanzi afanayo nanoma yimuphi omunye, kuphela ngemali encane yokungcola. Eqinisweni, kungenxa yabo ukuthi akufanelekile ukuphuza.

Inani lasawoti emanzini olwandle likhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi ngokususwa kwabo emzimbeni kuyothatha izikhathi eziningana ngaphezulu kwe-H ₂ O kunokudakwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Yingakho emva kwanoma yikuphi ukudla okusawoti ngakho ufuna ukuphuza. Futhi emanzini olwandle, njengoba sesikuchazile kakade, isisindo salinity esingaba ngu-35 ‰. Lokhu kuningi kakhulu.

Ngawo-1950, udokotela nodokotela ohamba isikhathi esithile u-Alain Bambar wafakazela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ukuthi amanzi olwandle ngaphandle kokulimaza empilweni angadakwa phakathi nesonto. Kodwa ukuqinisekisa lesi sitatimende akufanelekile.

Kodwa kungenzeka yini ukuthi wonke amanzi e-World Ocean alahlekile futhi angeke asetshenziswe ukuphuza nhlobo? Mhlawumbe, kodwa emva kokudlula inqubo yokudonswa.

Ungasusa kanjani usawoti?

Sithole ukuthi yiziphi amanzi zasolwandle aqukethe. Kodwa ukuze ikwazi ukuphuza, inani lokungcola kulo kufanele linciphise izikhathi ezingaba ngu-70. Kodwa kanjani ukufeza le miphumela?

Kunezindlela eziningana zokususa amanzi: ukushintshaniswa kwe-ion, iziphuzo zazihluzwayo, i-electrodialysis, njll. Ukuphumelela kakhulu yilokho okudinga ukusetshenziswa okungenani kwamandla nezemali. Indlela evamile kakhulu i-distillation, kodwa i-osmosis eguqukayo iyakuthandwa ngokufanayo. Kulokhu, ukucindezelwa okukhulu kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi. Umphumela uba ngamalitha ayi-16 000 kuphela edoli elilodwa kuphela.

Indlela ye-electrodialysis, njengoba icacisiwe egameni, yenziwa ngosizo lwe-electrodes. Ngesikhathi sokuvula ama-current, ama-cations nama-anion, esiwashiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, athambekele ekutheni i-cathode ne-anode, ngokulandelana, ngokusebenzisa izibilini ezikhethekile. Amanzi emkhatsini we-electrode kancane kancane ashintshwe.

Izinzuzo Zamanzi Olwandle

Ngokuvamile labo ababhekene nezifo zokuphefumula bathunyelwa ekudleni ogwini. Lokhu kulungile, ngoba amanzi olwandle anethonya elizuzayo emaphashini, ama-bronchi nemigqa. Uketshezi olugcwele ngamaminerali luvimbela futhi lubhubhise amagciwane. Yini enye ewusizo?

Hlala ngesimo sezulu nokugeza emanzini anosawoti kunomphumela wokubuyisela emzimbeni womuntu, futhi uthuthukise uhlelo lwe-endocrine. Umphumela ukwanda kwengculazi.

Ehlanganiswe ngamanzi olwandle, i-bromine, i-calcium ne-iodine ifaka isandla ekuqiniseni izinyosi zama-kool kanye namazinsini lapho uhlanza. Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, hlela umlomo wakho izikhathi eziningana ngesonto imizuzu engu-2-3. Yiqiniso, amanzi aselwandle ahlanzekile kuphela, angatholakala ekhemisi, afanelekile kulezi zinhloso. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, kufanele kube nokufutheka ekamelweni lokushisa.

Amanzi olwandle yi-antiseptic enhle. Ikhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba amancane nokuhlukunyezwa, kunciphisa ukuhlakulela kusuka ekubetheni kwezinambuzane.