Amagciwane - ke ... Izimuncagazi: izibonelo, amagama, izithombe

Ukuhlala ezweni kuyiplanethi yethu ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele. Kunzima beveza into enhle kakhulu, ephelele futhi emangalisayo. Izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, amagciwane - bonke ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuzivumelanisa khona, abe nezici zabo ehlukile. Every body ivame ukuba luthathe yayo niche emvelweni, yingxenye umbuthano kwezinga lempilo labantu. Ngakho-ke, lowo muzi futhi wahlela ngakho ngangokunokwenzeka, usebenzisa zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo ukwenza kanjalo.

amaqembu Environmental eziphilayo ngokuvumelana izinhlobo nokuhlalisana

Yiqiniso, ukuphila endaweni efanayo futhi ngokuvamile nge efanayo amandla umthombo, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ziphoqelelwa nomunye ngesikhathi ukuxhumana. Zonke bungabonakala 9 izinhlobo nokuhlalisana eziphilayo:

1. Neutralism - zinhlobo musa ezincike ngayo kwezinye futhi ayixhunyiwe kunoma ukuxhumana.
2. Umncintiswano - interspecific futhi intraspecific. umthombo Healthy lokwehliswa yemvelo eziningana zezinto eziphilayo, ezindaweni bamba ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezitshalo nezilwane.
3. Mutualism noma Symbiosis - uhlobo ubuhlobo izinhlobo lapho Okusizayo ubambisana nomunye. Kulokhu, inzuzo kusobala ngoba zombili izinhlangothi. Isibonelo: mycorrhiza kanye nezimpande zezihlahla, ama-bacterium-nitrogen nezitshalo nokunye.
4. Interspecific mutual. Uhlobo ubuhlobo, lapho abameleli izinhlobo ezahlukene bamunye ngokumelene elilodwa lesitha, khulula nomunye izimuncagazi nokunye. D.
5. Commensalism futhi electrophoresis - empilweni okuyinhloko emikhulu ungumthombo yokukhosela noma ukudla nakwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezincane,. Ingozi uthola akekho noma omunye, ukusetshenziswa eyodwa emaceleni.
6. Amensalizm - ukuphila ingenye yezindlela umzimba kuphazamisa ukuba khona ejwayelekile omunye. Isibonelo: Isihlahla utshani ngezansi kuye awutholi ukukhanya okwanele.
7. Parasitism, lapho uhlobo oluthile lwento ephilayo - umnikazi, elinye - isivakashi, enza umonakalo omkhulu kuya impilo nokuphila umzimba. Class ezidala kuyinto ngempela ebanzi. Kwemvelo eziphilayo ezifana balandela indlela ukuhlehla. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abamele zonke imibuso nemvelo.
8. Predation - ukudla izinhlobo namandla kakhulu buthaka. The main value - ukulawulwa eziningana zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlanzwa kwazo abameleli ugula futhi ubuthaka.
9. Allelopathy - chemical ukucindezeleka phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo.

Omunye letijulile, ezithinta impilo yabantu izinhlobo ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kuyinto parasitism. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Amagciwane - ubani lo?

Uma igama elithi ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi, kusho "ukudla eduze", "eduze ukudla." Lena kakade kakhulu uchaza onjani isidalwa. Izimuncagazi - eziphilayo ezikhona ngezithukuthuku umnikazi wokuphila, ukuyohlala ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle futhi kudle imfucumfucu. Imbangela umonakalo omkhulu, luvame ukubulala.

Amagciwane - nguye ohlala abanye kuzo zonke izinzwa kanye izici. Kukhona abameli axazulule abantu, izilwane, izitshalo. Zibangele okuningi izifo eziholela adakwe ubuthi kancane ababulala umzimba aphethe kusuka ngaphakathi. Ababukeka Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izimuncagazi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Izithombe kwabaningi babo kungabonwa esihlokweni. Sami abameleli ingabhekisela eziphilayo ezilandelayo:

1. izitshalo ezidlayo.
2. izimuncagazi Insect.
3. Lenyama.
4. Izilwane.
5. Amakhowe.
6. Ama-bacterium.

Kusobala ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezifana abe phakathi umbuso ngamunye. Ake sihlole ezinye zazo ngetici yokuphila isakhiwo kanye ukulimala abanikazi.

izimuncagazi oluncane

Amalungu ezincane kunazo zonke kule amaqembu kwemvelo eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile ngempela izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Have izici isakhiwo:

• Ibala lesikhumba kungaba njalo, kodwa kungahluka ngenxa ukungabikho igobolondo kanye turgor;
• phindaphinda kokubili kwezocansi asexually (kuye ngokuthi izimo zemvelo);
• Iqukethe izinto ezikhethekile ukuthi ungavumeli ukuba kugaywe e umzimba kwempi;
• Kungenzeka isikhathi eside esimweni aphuthelwe senyanga yokuqala yokuphila izinqubo, uhlobo ubuthongo (izinhlumba);
• ukuphefumula kuyo ebusweni umzimba;
• ukuhambisa usebenzisa cilia noma flagella, prolegs.

Izinhlobo ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama yisinanakazana

Oluncane amagciwane - lokhu kokuba zibe yingozi, sisuka womuntu ukuze isilwane kanye noHezekeli, okubangela eziningana isifo sína futhi eziyingozi eseduze kwayo. izibonelo Abaningi bazizwa njengodade:

• Leishmania;
• trypanosomes;
• Plasmodium falciparum;
• uhudo amoeba;
• Toxoplasma;
• babesia;
• gregarines nabanye.

Izimuncagazi, esimagama aso engenhla, zikhiqiza igama elifanayo lesi sifo kubantu nasezilwaneni, ngemiphumela lapho ngisho nangemva kokuba ukwelashwa ahlale elusizi. Izilonda esikhumbeni, kokuba ukubukeka ezimbi kakhulu, ezindaweni ezithintekile kwezitho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, Ukuwohloka jikelele isimo bokuphila, ukuqwasha, ukungazali kanye nabanye abaningi.

Leishmania

Omunye esiyingozi kakhulu izidalwa owumphumela kubantu nasezilwaneni abaningi Leishmania. amagciwane anjalo - ephilayo ezincane kokuba kolunye emzimbeni lo msila kanye nezinye - blefaroplast. Emaphakathi inezimemezelo ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Lungisa lezi zidalwa e ubende, isibindi umnkantsha. Zidla on okuqukethwe amaseli, ezivimbela ikhono lazo uphile. Bayakwazi ande ngokushesha, bese ziqala ngokonakalisa umninikhaya. izinambuzane kudluliselwe izimpukane ezinjalo.

Lesi sifo, elibangela lesi silwanyana protozoan ngokuthi Leishmania. Kungenzeka amafomu amabili:

• owomile;
• ukukhala.

Kubonakaliswa amanxeba iqhubeka esikhumbeni, lubhebhethekise wonke umzimba. Ukwelashwa eside, ezisindayo, ngezinye izikhathi isikhathi ukufinyelela ngonyaka. indawo eyinhloko nokusabalalisa isifo amagciwane - India, e-Italy, i-China ne-Iran.

trypanosome

Protozoan amagciwane esibangela izifo ezinzima. Okuvame kakhulu - sobuthongo. Trypanosomes khona ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Izindawo Ukungena nokubhujiswa emzimbeni:

• lymph kanye igazi;
• asebuchosheni nomgogodla;
• uketshezi serous.

A othwala isifo - fly zidlulisela isifo, izimbungulu. Elulele ikakhulukazi e-Afrika. Symptomatology ka ingalali ukugula:

• ukuvuvukala esikhumbeni, ngaphakathi okuyinto bande ukuthuthukisa izimuncagazi;
• isiyezi;
• isicanucanu;
• ukulahlekelwa kokuxhumana;
• isifo esithinta izinzwa;
• retardation sengqondo;
• ukukhathala okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• buthaka kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni nokunye.

Mhlawumbe ngokuhamba ifomu acute ngaphezulu, ukuphela kwayo kuyindlela yokufa. Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa ezinzima, izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Kungcono ukuba bafeze zokuvimbela futhi ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba ukuba amagciwane e izindlela ngokukhethekile.

Izimuncagazi phakathi izinambuzane

Kukhona futhi impela eningi, kubangele ngezinye izikhathi zingabantu isifo esiyingozi kakhulu futhi sina. Okuvame kakhulu izinambuzane eziwuhlupho:

• izintwala - yangaphandle umzimba izimuncagazi ezincelisayo (kuhlanganise abantu), kungabangela izifo ezifana typhus;
• zigcwele - amunca igazi izidalwa esinegazi elifudumele, okubangela isifo;
• izimpukane abahlukahlukene - okuphakelayo ukugqwala, nezinto ezibolile izinsalela organic, kubangele abantu nezinkomo izifo ezifana ubhubhane, uhudo, i-typhoid, umbendeni, isifo sofuba, itheleleke nge izibungu yisinanakazana;
• zabuya izimbungulu - luma ngesikhumba, wapha ngegazi, izifo ezithathelwanayo, iguliswa;
• omiyane malarial - Sebawoti Lesisemkhatsini ukuthi baphathe plasmodium esibangela ukuthuthukiswa umalaleveva,
• ihhashi izimpukane nezibawu - baphuze negazi lezilwane, zokuthelela nabo yizifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo.

Lezi yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho - izibonelo eziphilayo, lapho ungase ukwazi khona kalula ukuhlukanisa wena nomndeni wakho, uma nigcina nokuhlanzeka, inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu futhi ugcine ukuze ezifuywayo.

nezizenze

I esiyingozi kakhulu phakathi izinambuzane kuyinto Tshwaya yizinambuzane encephalitis. Eqinisweni, njengoba ibizwa lesi sifo, ukuthuthukiswa ngalo kuphakamisa. Empeleni, lesi sinambuzane ibizwa ngokuthi "ehlathini" futhi "inja umkhaza". Isilwane esincane kakhulu, kuze 4 mm ubude. Nokho, bite yayo kuyingozi kakhulu. Kanye ngamathe egazini lomuntu uthola encephalitis igciwane. ukuthuthukiswa kwaleso sifo kuzoncika ohlelweni isisulu sokuzivikela. Uma unamandla ngokwanele, lesi sifo ngeke ukuthuthukisa. Uma kungenjalo, imiphumela ingase ibe mibi kakhulu kakhulu. Imiphumela ezivame kakhulu isifo encephalitic:

• umkhuhlane;
• ukudakwa;
• ukulimala kobuchopho;
• meningitis;
• isifo esithinta izinzwa;
• yezifo zengqondo;
• ukufa.

Kusobala ukuthi kuyingozi enkulu futhi ebuhlungu abantu izimuncagazi ezinjalo. Photo umkhaza kungabonwa ngezansi.

izitshalo ezidlayo

Zonke izitshalo-indlela amandla autotrophs. Ngakho ungase ucabange. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi amanye awo fed heterotrophically, ngokuba noma izimuncagazi noma eziyingozi. Amafomu ezivame kakhulu lokuphila ngezithukuthuku kumnikazi enza umonakalo ongalungiseki, yilezi:

• broomrape;
• dodder;
• rackwheel;
• Mistletoe;
• khenqeza ezinkulu;
• rafflesiaceae abamele.

Ukuthola ku nezitshalo kwamasiko eziwuhlupho, waba isibonelo ngenhla, kubenze ezifweni ezimbi, ngokuvamile okuphumela ekufeni futhi kunciphise ezithela kanye nezitshalo. Ukulwisana eziphilayo ezifana ofundiswa umuntu ekhuthele kakhulu.

Ezinye izinhlobo zokungabi kungukuthi sahlala izitshalo otshaliwe, futhi kunoma iyiphi enye - izihlahla, izihlahla, amakhambi nokunye. Futhi imbangela nje banayo ezihlukahlukene izifo, asuse izakhi namanzi, zibancishe ukuphila.

Mistletoe

izimuncagazi ejwayelekile ezihlahleni - Mistletoe. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu - Mistletoe ngesineke. Kubukeka ngempela aluhlaza futhi ezinhle, kodwa umnikazi waleyo sucks inomfi yesihlahla, eliphaphathekile kakhulu futhi omile. Izimpande zawo Mistletoe esenza e umqhele esihlahleni futhi ngaleyo ndlela likwazi ukufinyelela bonke compounds kanye lamanzi esiphethu.

Ngaphandle Mistletoe has ngesimo siluhlaza ngokumangalisayo ehlathini zom athambekele on amagatsha noma umqhele yempi. Yikuphi izihlahla ngokuvamile ehlaselwe lesi silwanyana?

1. Izithelo izitshalo.
2. Birch.
3. Poplar.
4. Maples.
5. Pine.
6. Willow.
7. Isikhonyane.

Abantu abavamile futhi inegama "inyoni glue" futhi "Isihlahla se-oki amajikijolo."

Animal izimuncagazi

Phakathi kwezilwane, indlela yisinanakazana zokuphila lingama worm: round, flat, nabanye. Ezisithinta emaphashini, inhliziyo, izitho zokugaya, igazi uhlelo lymph, isibindi. Worm uvuma ukuphila phakathi nomzimba ukuze kungabi nalutho ukumkhokhela okuyinhloko. Amagciwane has:

• igobolondo okhethekile evikela kusuka ukugaya nge juice esiswini;
• izingwegwe, slinging noma esinye isakhiwo ngoba eliyifa kanye nokunyakaza;
• uhlelo lula kwezitho;
• ikhono zanda namazwe ukuhlehliswa ezinkulungwane amaqanda ngesikhathi.

Izibungu ezivamile ezindaweni umuntu, njengoba kulandela: tapeworm, tapeworm sezinkomo kanye elibhekwa njengabaThwa, Ascaris, Trichinella, Dirofilaria, loiasis, schistosomes, whipworm, nabanye.

Ngokuvamile kusuka izibungu yisinanakazana, ithinta izingane, kusukela imidlalo emgwaqweni ukunganakwa nokuhlanzeka. Libuye imithombo ethandwa kakhulu ukungcoliswa - inyama, inhlanzi kanye neminye imikhiqizo amaprotheni, ezithinta ukwelashwa ukushisa enganele.